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經濟學人精講的原文為什麼找不到

發布時間: 2022-11-17 18:38:49

『壹』 為什麼讀博是浪費時間

這篇文章是2010年《經濟學人》的一篇文章,但曾多次出現在《經濟學人》首頁熱文榜欄目中,本文講的是美國的事情,但是希望對我們大家能夠帶來些許思考。(原文略有刪減)
在今天,學術論文不僅僅闡述作者觀點,同時還代表作者的一段時期內的研究成果。每年都有成千上萬的學生們想要拿到博士學位,前赴後繼辛苦勞累,就是為了完成這樣一篇博士論文。
在大多數國家,博士學位是進入學術界的門檻,進入獨立研究某個領域的敲門磚,也是與導師合作的研究成果。各個國家,不同大學,不同專業,要求也有所不同。獲得博士學位只需要完成研究論文,而有些還需要參加一些必修課或選修課或是助教工作。一篇學術論文有幾十頁,甚至是幾百頁。這些博士有的還是二十齣頭的小伙兒,有些已經是知天命的四十歲中年人了。
這些讀博的學生們有一點是相同的:即對現狀不滿。有的把自己的工作描述為打工仔,每周七天無休息,二十四小時待命,薪酬很少,前途渺茫。這種情況很普遍。
在讀博士抱怨滿腹早已不是什麼新鮮事,現象背後的本質問題在於培養博士體系本身。應用性博士,比如法學博士、商學博士和葯學博士,實際上含金量很高。盡管博士學位的設置是為進入學術界而考慮,但是現在存在的問題是,授予博士學位的數量和現有的研究崗位數量差距拉大。博士供過於求,而很多企業領導又說他們找不到所需的高級技術人才。從一方面也表明博士們並沒有學到企業所需的知識技能。一些人甚至把研究型博士的培養體系比作旁氏原理。
同時,許多大學形成了一個共識,在讀博士積極性很高,因而是可以任意指使的廉價勞動力。招收博士有助於學校開展研究項目,這些博士生還可用來發展教育,而且成本少。
支持讀博士的人也許會說,即使不能得到一份穩定的研究工作,讀博也是值得的。並非每一位讀博士的人都想進入大學,也有很多在私營企業,或是企業研發等,都取得了不錯的成績。這的確是事實。但是凡事都有兩面,我們看到的事實,博士生退學者增多,很多在讀博士很郁悶。
在美國,僅僅57%的博士在十年以後繼續攻讀博士,也就是說其他的都退學了。在人文社會學科領域,自費讀博士的學生退學比例是49%。更糟糕的是,其他在讀博士,在博士一年級就在不同專業跳來跳去,很多人文學科在讀博士堅守著自己的領域,最終很多人不得不放棄了。而輟學者往往成為了國家的學術精英。美國大學一個研究報告表明,按時完成博士學習的人,並不比輟學者睿智多少。缺少職業指導,前途渺茫,經濟拮據成了他們最終放棄的原因。而就算完成了學業,也並非前途光芒。
紐約一位政治家史沃茲博士說,博士課程中有很多可以用更短課程取代,他說,華爾街發現很多物理學家能夠解出微分方程,於是聘請他們做定量分析。但是如今教授卻用一些很簡單的高等數學課程,因此,一個會解微分方程的博士生不再具有競爭力。
很多學生做研究是出於熱愛,現在教育卻成了終結了他們的熱愛。很少人知道路在何方,英國一項對博士畢業生研究數據表明,三分之一人讀博只是為了繼續做學生,或是延遲就業。大概一半學生說,科學家可以有很高的年薪,因此就隨波逐流讀博。但是呆在校園,喜憂參半。高學歷者更容易不滿足更容易跳槽。
一些人開始懷疑讀博是否值得,如同懷疑這個世界太多的藝術和文化。他們認為,知識會從大學滲透到社會各個領域,社會物質文明高度發展,會朝著更加健康的方向。在宏觀上是這樣,微觀方面,讀博的確是一個很糟的選擇。

『貳』 怎麼才能拿到雅思6.5

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(一)好的開始是成功的一半
①准備好文具與書。
這個不多贅言啦…我的筆和本子基本是MUJI的(安利用方格紙,簡直要愛上做筆記!),最心水的筆是三菱的UB-150,然後每天會用Filofax活頁手帳記錄復習進度。
②在開始復習前列印好劍橋雅思。
買也可以下載後列印也可以,但是做題一定要用紙質的哦。
③屯好答題紙。答題紙這里有pdf文件,
由於手機端網盤下載很不方便,建議大家照著上面的地址敲到電腦里,注意別敲錯哦,顯示文件已刪除說明你有字母沒敲對哦~
非常有效!平時訓練就要把答題紙用起來,尤其是作文,平時練習時直接寫在答題紙上,可以對自己一般寫到第幾行心裡有數,到考場上就不會因為字數慌神了。
(二)開始備考啦!
Ⅰ.聽力
1.如何備考?
我個人覺得聽力備考做劍橋雅思真題就妥妥夠了。怎麼做呢?我的建議是每套題做三遍。第一遍按考試節奏做,第二遍看聽力原文查好生詞(這些生詞要記下來反復聽,盡量做到會用),第三遍快進聽自己錯的地方,耐心分析為什麼會錯。——這一步很關鍵,不管你的理由是「開小差」還是「沒聽清」,都不要輕易放過去了,因為有時看似偶然的錯誤其實是必然的。隨著做題量的增多,你會明顯感到自己的聽力有一個質的提升。

2.有什麼做題小技巧?
1)每個section的30秒時間一定要善加利用,大膽「預測」,可以自己發明一些速記符。比如,在覺得會是名詞的空格後全部標上一個表示復數的符號如【s】,提醒自己注意單復數。如果聽到確定有s則勾上,若沒有則劃去。還有許多其他的小技巧可以自行總結。
2)雅思聽力是細節決定高分。考試最後有十分鍾時間謄寫答題紙,此時注重檢查可能還能提分哦。著重檢查4點:連字元,單復數,拼寫(不用看大小寫,雅思聽力閱讀均不區分答案大小寫問題,這是官方標答,無需擔憂)。
3.平時該如何練聽力呢?
我下載了很多native speakers的英語音頻或視頻,一般想到了就會點開當背景音啦,反正開著又不累…一般我就聽《經濟學人》的文章,對閱讀也有幫助。
Ⅱ.閱讀
閱讀我是滿分,所以相對比較有發言權啦…但其實看到分數的時候確實挺意外的,因為我閱讀花的力氣是最少的,真題四本都沒做到就去考了,結果反而考得最好,現在要總結起來也一時有些懵逼…我就簡單回憶一下自己的准備過程和做題技巧吧。
1.如何備考?
同聽力,我依舊是緊抱真題不放手,每套真題刷三遍…不過閱讀分析時要比聽力更細致。
第一是查生詞。我向來不主張「干背」單詞,即利用單詞書或app,脫離文章背。雖然我每天用一些軟體單詞打卡,已經三百多天,但我並不認為這對我的雅思閱讀幫助巨大。如果說一點沒用是有點絕對,但我覺得這常會給自己一種「我每天都在用功」的幻覺,其實很多都沒背進去。
BUT——背單詞依然是重中之重。背什麼?就背真題里聽力/閱讀的單詞,吃透意思。怎麼背呢?做完一套題,查完生詞含義,再結合文章內容背,這樣事半功倍。
第二是看解析,想明白自己為什麼錯。是對NO和NOT GIVEN的定義理解不透,還是文章內容沒看懂,多問自己幾個為什麼。很多解析可以在網上找到,土豪如果想買解析/官方指南/精講當然也可以啦…
2.我沒時間刷題,怎麼辦呢?
常有烤鴨無比自責地說:因為沒刷完真題,閱讀只考了XX分…告訴懶人們一個喜大普奔的消息:我只做了4套題,但我考了滿分!
我是怎麼做的呢?雅思閱讀分八大題型,做2至3套題就能知道個大概,自己最擅長和最不擅長的是哪一類型,再找真題書里的這一題型著重練習即可。(比如,我就不擅長Heading的題型,所以考試時看到這種題就放最後做,把有把握的分全拿到。)
但我並不是說做題就不重要了。只是傳統的中國學僧多以語言輸入為主,聽力閱讀的學習時間本就高於口語寫作,所以如果准備時間相對倉促,可以把時間更多地分配給作文或口語。而如果是閱讀底子薄弱的童鞋,就建議在平時加大閱讀量和訓練做題速度了。
Ⅲ.口語
這是最讓我心塞的一個part,二戰都失利了,但我還是覺得臨場的決定因素比較多,比如心理素質不夠過關以及沒有很好地把握考試技巧,並不代表我口語真的就這么渣…Anyway,我還是想厚著臉皮和大家聊聊口語(失敗)的備考經,希望可以引以為鑒(戒)哦!
1.如何准備?
根據題庫准備。
需要注意的是,每年1月、5月、9月是雅思換題季,所以一定注意報考時間,選擇時間段內的題庫。
2.Part 2如何准備?
口語中大家最重視的莫過於Part 2。很多人說part 2不要背,會穿幫(比如演技不好的我就死在這里…),但是不背不代表完全不準備。如果幹說確實能說出來,但在那樣緊張的環境下,很難一下子想出比較好的句型變化,所以二戰前我把話題全部寫了一遍。
燃鵝,有人說,題庫有五十幾個話題,全寫可能會寫死啊!這時候就需要大開腦洞了!(這可是我最擅長的事嘿嘿嘿~)一定要學會根據題庫聯想套Part 2的題。
舉個栗子,我有一篇的梗概是:畢業旅行,和室友們一起計劃騎行到鄉下,住在Airbnb上訂的房子里度假,在花園里見到了野生動物,但我因突發事件錯過了這次約定。
覺得沒什麼特別?我這一句話已經套進去了10個話題哦!分別為:
a) An enjoyable experience you had in the countryside
=An interesting house or apartment you visited
=A garden you have visited
=A time you were close to a wild animal
=Something you did with a group of people
1- A time you prepared for a happy event
2- A time you missed an important appointment
b) A plan in your life (that is not related to work or study)
=A car/bicycle/motorcycle trip that you want to go
=A holiday you want to go in the future
下面是我根據腦洞寫出的文章,僅供參考:
a) This topic reminds me of my graation trip three years ago. My roomies and I planned/made a bicycle trip to Hangzhou in order to celebrate the event that we succeeded insurviving from our high school.
We planned everything and discussed every detail together, like where would we live and how would we get there. The time I saw the apartment we booked, we screamed and laughed, rushing into it immediately. (That was one of the most interesting house I』ve ever stayed. Its exterior wall was painted as blue as the sky and inside was light blue. And the landlord made all the decorations himself, full of artistic atmosphere. What』s more,) there is also an amazing garden at the back of the house, and I was amazed at the sight of the beautiful scenery. Lotus bloomed quietly in the pond, and a slight breeze rose, wafting the heavy scent of flowers past us. But what surprised us mostly was that we met a wild animal in the garden by chance! Actually, that was just a little squirrel. One of us found it first and whispered in our ears, in case we were too loud to scary it. We got closer to the tree, helding our breath, and it looked like an elf! It was eating a kind of nut and jumped here and there. We took many pictures of it and signed that with the fast development, we no longer saw cute wild animals like it in our urban life.
1-將准備過程更加具體化

2-We planned everything and discussed every detail together, like where do we live and how to get there. At last, we decided to set up in the middle of June which is not quite hot and we can get there by bicycle. But what happened before leaving was a shock to me: my granny passed away because of heart disease and I went back to attend her funeral ceremony. I was too sorrowful even to care about missing the appointment, but afterwards, I did feel pity that I missed the chance to finish that trip with my friends, and they』re now all in different cities. But they understood me a lot and made a interesting video on WeChat to comfort me and this made me feel so much better. Till now, I still feel so warm when I think of this, maybe that』s the power of friendship that can cure sorrow.
b)將這件事描述成一個計劃,時態改為將來時
3.Part 1 和 Part 3如何准備?
這個功夫在平時。我有幾個在德國交換時認識的外國旁友,平時會在社交軟體上聊天。如果口語本身就薄弱的,我建議找一個「語伴」。
四.作文
其實作文我是裸考的(沒有裝逼,是真的沒時間看了),沒想到居然比口語高了…這個部分我就簡單說吧。
很多人說作文不要背模板,沒錯,但是掌握寫作思路是重中之重,可以沒時間把預測題都寫一寫,但是思路要過過腦子,範文一定要看。
寫作重在寫,建議大家勤加練筆(雖然我自己沒做到)但是寫完一定要有人幫你看,不然不知道薄弱點在哪。
關於口語和作文的學習再多說兩句,貼一段覺得hin有道理的話(轉)
聽力閱讀有大量的學習材料,而口語寫作可用資源比較少,並且質量參差不齊,即使是老師,這兩項上也很難保證自己的內容真正權威,尤其是寫作本身對提供材料的人要求比較高。並且,這兩樣通俗點說就是「學起來更累」,所以稍一犯懶,這兩部分的學習量就低了不少。而那些讓我們感覺的「學起來更累」的東西,往往是具有更高的學習深度和學習效果的,比如聽寫一篇文章和拿一篇文章「聽著玩兒」相比,翻譯一篇閱讀和瀏覽一篇文章相比,寫一篇文章和看一篇範文相比,這並不意味著泛聽泛讀不重要,也不是說「無意識學習」這種事情不靠譜,而是大多數同學復習過程中,「學起來更累」的東西,還是少了些。
五.其他
1.英語基礎能力如何提高?
我認為最重要的就兩點:語法,單詞。
我語法基礎比較扎實,沒有花太多時間。如果這方面薄弱的一定要買書回來下功夫看,提高很快的。單詞前面說過了,我一般每天空著的時候就背一兩百個,不佔時間也權當放鬆。
2.考前幾天怎麼過?
(1)保持題感這是必須的。
不過也不用全天緊綳,我考前十天都是「做二休一「,復習兩小時玩一小時。
有人說,要每天在考試時間(上午)模擬,然而夜貓子並沒有毅力做到…但真心覺得是個很不錯的建議呢。
(2)保持良好的身體狀況。
能早睡早起是最好不過了,也不要疏於運動了。沒時間做戶外,我備考期間就早晚做瑜伽,挺治癒的。
(3)心態最重要!
屠鴨成功的第一步,是相信自己能夠屠鴨成功。

『叄』 經濟學人精讀 The Economist [05] | Lifelong learning 終身學習 Part 4

The Economist [05] | Lifelong learning 終身學習 Part 4

If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical. Because ecation is a public good whose benefits spill over to all of society, governments have a vital role to play—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely.

Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on 「metacognition」 will make them better at picking up skills later in life.

But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such 「indivial learning accounts」; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.

Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But instry can help by steering people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees』 tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.

To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours』 practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.

Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting jobs market. Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less 「masculine」 roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.

If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical[根本性的]. 如果新的學習方式是要幫助那些最需要幫助的人,那麼政策制定者應該尋求遠為根本性的舉措。

【radical】

relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or extreme根本的;徹底的,完全的

We need to make some radical changes to our operating proceres.我們需要對操作規程進行一些根本性的變革。

I'm just having my hair trimmed - nothing radical.我只是修剪了一下頭發,沒有什麼大的改變。

Because ecation is a public good[公益事業] whose benefits spill over to[延及] all of society, governments have a vital role to play[發揮重要作用]—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely[花得明智]. 因為教育是一種公益事業,其益處會延及整個社會,各國政府要發揮重要作用——不僅要增加投入,還得把錢花得明智。

【spill over】

If an activity or situation spills over, it begins to affect another situation or group of people, especially in an unpleasant or unwanted way. (尤指令人不快地)波及,擴散,影響

I try not to let my work spill over into my life outside the office.我努力不讓我的工作影響到辦公室之外的生活。

The conflict threatens to spill over into neighbouring regions.沖突可能會波及到鄰近地區。

Lifelong learning starts at school. 終身學習始於學校。

As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational[職業的]. 一般來說,教育不應該有狹隘的職業性。

The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. 學生需要從課程中學會如何學習和思考。

A focus on[注重] 「metacognition」 will make them better at picking up skills[學習技能] later in life. 注重「元認知」將幫助學生日後更好地學習技能。

But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely[常態化地] accessible to all. 但最大的改變是讓所有人都能常態化地進行成人學習。

One way is for citizens to receive vouchers[抵用券] that they can use to pay for training. 一個方法是向國民發放抵用券,可用於支付培訓費用。

Singapore has such 「indivial learning accounts」; 新加坡就有這樣的「個人學習賬戶」。

it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. 該國向所有25歲以上的國民提供資金,可用來選擇學習500種經認可的課程。

So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days. 到目前為止,每個國民只領取了幾百美元,但這才剛剛開始。

【it is early days】

said when you think it is too soon to make a judgment about the likely result of something because a lot might still happen or change 言之過早;為時尚早

Our progress has been fairly slow so far, but it's early days.到目前為止我們的進度很緩慢,但來日方長,現在還不能說以後會怎麼樣。

Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. 由納稅人付費的課程有可能被浪費。

But instry can help by steering[引導] people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. 但企業界可以提供幫助,引導人們學習業界所需的技能,並和MOOC及大學院校合作設計有用的課程。

【steer】

to take someone or something or make someone or something go in the direction in which you want him, her, or it引導,帶領

She steered her guests into the dining room.她把客人們領到餐廳。

I'd like to steer our discussion back to our original topic.我想請大家重新回到我們原來討論的話題。

The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy.新政府的主要任務是將國家引向民主。

Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. 企業還可以鼓勵員工學習。

AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees』 tuition costs. 電信公司AT&T希望員工具備數字技能,它每年支出3000萬美元報銷員工的學費。

【reimburse】

to pay back money to someone who has spent it for you or lost it because of you償還;付還;補償

The airline reimbursed me for the amount they had overcharged me.航空公司多收了我錢,他們後來退還給我了。

She was reimbursed by the gas company for the damage to her house.煤氣公司對她房屋遭受的損失進行了賠償。

Trade unions can play a useful role as[發揮作用] organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. 工會也可以發揮作用,組織終身學習,尤其是幫助那些小公司的員工或自僱人士,因為這些人不大可能有公費培訓的機會。

A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left. 在英國,一個工會組織的培訓項目同時得到了左右兩派政黨的支持。

To make all this training worthwhile[值得的], governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. 要讓所有這些培訓有價值,政府需要大力降低執業資格要求以及其他阻礙新人入行的門檻。

【slash】

to very much rece something, such as money or jobs大幅削減,大幅減少(金錢、工作等)

Prices have been slashed by 50 percent!價格直降50%!

Rather than asking for 300 hours』 practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.例如,與其要求有300小時的實習來獲得做洗發工的資格,田納西州應該讓理發店自行決定雇誰最好。

Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting[不斷變化的] jobs market. 並非每個人都能成功應付正在變化的就業市場。

【navigate】

to direct the way that a ship, aircraft, etc. will travel, or to find a direction across, along, or over an areaof water or land, often by using a map(常指藉助地圖)導航,確定…的方向

Sailors have special equipment to help them navigate.船員們藉助專門的儀器確定航向。

Even ancient ships were able to navigate large stretches of openwater.即便是古老的船隻也能在寬闊的大片水域中航行。

Some migrating birds can navigate by the moon (= using the moon as a guide).有些遷徙的鳥類可以藉助月亮確定方向。

There weren't any road signs to help us navigate through the maze of one-way streets.沒有任何路標可以指引我們穿過像迷宮似的單行街道。

We had to navigate several flights of stairs to find his office.我們不得不攀上好幾層樓梯才找到他的辦公室。

Those most at risk of[受威脅] technological disruption[技術顛覆] are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less 「masculine[男子漢的]」 roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. 受技術顛覆威脅最大的是那些藍領工人,其中很多人拒絕在醫療護理等快速發展的領域里承擔不那麼「男子漢」的工作。

【masculine】

adjective UK   /ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/  US   /ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/

having characteristics that are traditionally thought to be typical of or suitable for men男性的,男子氣概的;適於男子的

a masculine appearance/voice男性外表/嗓音

But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. 但是,若要盡量減少因時代改變而落伍的人數,那麼所有成年人都必須能夠獲得靈活而又實惠的培訓。

The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning[令人震驚的] advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.在19和20世紀,教育有了令人震驚的進步。今天的抱負應當不遜當年。

If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical[根本性的]. Because ecation is a public good[公益事業] whose benefits spill over to[延及] all of society, governments have a vital role to play[發揮重要作用]—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely[花得明智].

如果新的學習方式是要幫助那些最需要幫助的人,那麼政策制定者應該尋求遠為根本性的舉措。因為教育是一種公益事業,其益處會延及整個社會,各國政府要發揮重要作用——不僅要增加投入,還得把錢花得明智。

Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational[職業的]. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on[注重] 「metacognition」 will make them better at picking up skills[學習技能] later in life.

終身學習始於學校。一般來說,教育不應該有狹隘的職業性。學生需要從課程中學會如何學習和思考。注重「元認知」將幫助學生日後更好地學習技能。

But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely[常態化地] accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers[抵用券] that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such 「indivial learning accounts」; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.

但最大的改變是讓所有人都能常態化地進行成人學習。一個方法是向國民發放抵用券,可用於支付培訓費用。新加坡就有這樣的「個人學習賬戶」。該國向所有25歲以上的國民提供資金,可用來選擇學習500種經認可的課程。到目前為止,每個國民只領取了幾百美元,但這才剛剛開始。

Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But instry can help by steering[引導] people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees』 tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as[發揮作用] organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.

由納稅人付費的課程有可能被浪費。但企業界可以提供幫助,引導人們學習業界所需的技能,並和MOOC及大學院校合作設計有用的課程。企業還可以鼓勵員工學習。電信公司AT&T希望員工具備數字技能,它每年支出3000萬美元報銷員工的學費。工會也可以發揮作用,組織終身學習,尤其是幫助那些小公司的員工或自僱人士,因為這些人不大可能有公費培訓的機會。在英國,一個工會組織的培訓項目同時得到了左右兩派政黨的支持。

To make all this training worthwhile[值得的], governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours』 practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.

要讓所有這些培訓有價值,政府需要大力降低執業資格要求以及其他阻礙新人入行的門檻。例如,與其要求有300小時的實習來獲得做洗發工的資格,田納西州應該讓理發店自行決定雇誰最好。

Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting[不斷變化的] jobs market. Those most at risk of[受威脅] technological disruption[技術顛覆] are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less 「masculine[男子漢的]」 roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning[令人震驚的] advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.

並非每個人都能成功應付正在變化的就業市場。受技術顛覆威脅最大的是那些藍領工人,其中很多人拒絕在醫療護理等快速發展的領域里承擔不那麼「男子漢」的工作。但是,若要盡量減少因時代改變而落伍的人數,那麼所有成年人都必須能夠獲得靈活而又實惠的培訓。在19和20世紀,教育有了令人震驚的進步。今天的抱負應當不遜當年。

【radical】根本的;徹底的,完全的

【spill over】波及,擴散,影響

【it is early days】言之過早;為時尚早

【steer】引導,帶領

【reimburse】償還;付還;補償

【slash】大幅削減,大幅減少(金錢、工作等)

【navigate】導航,確定…的方向

【masculine】男性的,男子氣概的;適於男子的

public good[公益事業]

have a vital role to play[發揮重要作用]

spending wisely[花得明智]

vocational[職業的]

picking up skills[學習技能]

routinely[常態化地]

vouchers[抵用券]

play a useful role[發揮作用]

at risk of[受威脅]

technological disruption[技術顛覆]

stunning[令人震驚的]

原文選自《經濟學人》 2017年1月14日 Technology and ecation版塊 Lifelong Learning文章

原文鏈接:https://gbr.economist.com/articles/view/5878aaadffe2d6434a24290c/en_GB/zh_CN

翻譯鏈接:https://gbr.economist.com/articles/view/5878aaadffe2d6434a24290c/zh_CN/en_GB

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『肆』 知識付費,付的是學費還是智商稅

知識付費當然不是「智商稅」。

知識付費是人們自願為了閱覽、學習某些知識付出一定的資金。知識,當然應該被付費。就像上學你得交學費一樣,知識付費只是沒有了學校這個固定的場所,知識就接受者就像學生,想要學習知識,就得付出資金請一個老師或者買下自己想要學習的內容。

歷史中縹緲浩瀚的名著典籍,網路上越來越多的碎片知識,一個人想要高效率的學習這些知識,就必須依靠知識付費。它們可以為知識接受者挑選出更有價值的知識,然後以更加高效的方式的傳授給他。

現在已經可以看到喜馬拉雅上的付費課程,羅輯思維的app得到等等各種知識付費的平台。隨著人們對知識越來越重視,知識付費會越來越普遍。為知識而投資,值得。

『伍』 同濟大學產業經濟學考研經驗分享

同濟大學產業經濟考研經驗分享

『陸』 《經濟學人》精讀文章——Natural Genius

這篇文章有幾個非常有意思的句子和表達,我貼出來,大家一起賞析一下:

佳句篇:

 

Sentence 1.

He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested.

解析:

Ruffle弄皺的意思

Ruffle one』s feathers惹怒(想想逆毛流擼貓)

The idea that ...用的是同位語從句,不太多,常用搭配是the evidence that,the concept that 等。That後從句解釋idea, concept或evidence等。

Which的指代問題。Which指代的不是上文任何一個出現的單詞或片語,而是Dr. Cochran的這波操作。

Sentence 2.

Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm.

disproportionately不成比例地

主幹and復合句+非謂語動詞scoring+as引導的從句(插入後置定語)

每個部分都不難,集合到一起就對理解產生障礙了。

Sentence 3.

But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).

這個句子不難,為什麼拿出來是因為這個violently的用法。簡單來講,這一個單詞乍一看是作aristocratic的副詞,實則在翻譯(以及理解)當中,我們必須單獨翻譯成一個實意的成分,而且作副詞處理。

Aristocratic貴族統治

Meritocratic德治

Sentence 4.

That small, reproctively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known.

主語從句,注意that.

Sentence 5.

Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.

典型長句,如何解析?

Most of the dozen or so  disease genes that are common in them  belong to one of two types:

Or so大約

斜體作的是disease genes

they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.

either or後面是兩個in...

第一個in後面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解釋的是Sphingolipids

that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解釋的是sheaths。

也就是說,(非限制性)定語從句後面緊接另一個定語從句。

第二個in後面很簡單,但!!!文章最後一段有解釋,對於 文章結構 至關重要。

Sentence 6&7.

Thus, the theory goes, the pressure  to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure  to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects.

It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.

兩句話放一起。

主幹已加黑。很有意思的句子,工整、對仗,而又解釋非常清楚。

下一句,persist和ubiquitous用詞極其精準,整句話像外科手術般,精準簡練。作者還是怕讀者一下子沒讀懂,用簡單而又高效的句子總結下。寫作手法很老練高超,字字璣珠,像極了寶馬M3。

Sentence 8.

Genes that promote intelligence in an indivial when present as a single create disease when present as a double .

乍一看沒什麼稀奇,再一看,把一個comparison分別放在了主語和謂語的修飾成分中,可謂老辣。

作何解?

That promote intelligence對genes做了一個限定,指的是genes的其中一種特徵,然後用when說明了適用情況。

Create謂語的主語也是genes,但這時候是沒有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定,其實對應的是promote intelligence。後面同樣用一個when來說明範圍。

簡單來講,genes的含義做了一個縮小和限定,又在create的時候恢復了genes的雙重功能含義。

Promote intelligence和create diseases一個對應,盡管成分差別很大。

兩個when的對比。

可謂神句。

Sentence 9.

An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.

Than (what) would be expected by chance.

省略了what。。。你能理解嗎?

還有這個books,這個同語境關聯強烈。

好的表達:

1. ruffle one』s feather

2. Tremble at the thought

3. Affirm作不及物動詞(Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. )

4. aristocratic v.s. meritocratic

5. Exact a price類似用法 exert influence

附原文及翻譯:

Natural genius? 天生我才?

The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past

德系猶太人的高智商或許是因為曾經遭受迫害的後果

THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection.

某些少數民族的平均智商高於其他民族這一說法,是很多不敢公開的假設之一。不過著名的科學狂人Gregory Cochran 決意要做第一個吃螃蟹的人。他很特別,總是獨立工作而不屬於任何機構。某些曾被診斷並非病菌引起的疾病,其實病源來自傳染病。這一觀點因他的推動受到了關注。此觀點一經提出,就受到了許多科學家的反對。這還不算,更具爭議的是,他認為同性戀也是由傳染病引起的。

Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection.

然而就算是Cochran,也為自己接下來要做的事捏了一把汗。他准備同Utah大學的Jason Hardy與Henry Harpending一同,在最新一期的《生物社會科學雜志》發表一篇論文,文中不僅提出了某一少數民族比其他民族更聰明這一觀點,還解釋了這一結果產生的過程。文中兩大主角就是德系猶太人和自然選擇。

History before science

不管是否科學,先來看看歷史

Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing ecation. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively.

德系猶太人不僅在IQ測試上表現不俗,正常人一般在100分左右,而他們大多都能得個112-115分,而且雖然人數不多,但他們在歐洲知識、文化生活中的地位卻舉足輕重。想想弗洛伊德、愛因斯坦、馬勒,我們就會點頭稱是了。但同時,他們中患有如泰-薩克斯病、乳腺癌這類嚴重的遺傳疾病的比率明顯高於其他種族。這些事實,最初被人們認為是毫無聯系的。前者被說成是社會原因引起的,如濃烈的價值觀教育的傳統;後者則被說成是基因隔離的結果,不過即使是現在,德系猶太人還是願意同本族人結婚,在過去,就更是如此了。

Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.

但Cochran博士對以上兩點表示質疑,並認為德系猶太人的天賦異稟與痛病纏身聯系密切。他認為正是異常的歷史環境強加給了德系猶太人獨有的進化壓力,才導致了這些看似奇怪的現象。

Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim.

德系猶太人的歷史源於公元1世紀。猶太人在反對羅馬人的統治失敗後,猶太難民四散而逃,逃亡歐洲的猶太後裔就是如今的德系猶太人。

In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point.

在中世紀,歐洲的猶太人在法律上地位很不平等,結果之一就是他們不得不從事與金錢相關的職業,如被人看不起或不準基督徒涉足的銀行或征稅工作,此外,他們只能與鄰居中社會地位較低的非猶太人通婚(這種狀況通過現代基因學分析得到了證實)。上述就是Cochran 博士論文的起點。

He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking.

他認為歐洲猶太人從事的職業都是些需要一定智商的職業,雖不能證明這些職業在中世紀時就是這樣了,但在當代它們確實如此。一些研究表明,智力水平(按智力測試的標准來算)與工資水平(如那些從事銀行工作的人)聯系密切。

What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to althood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).

這些歷史記錄證明了,那些在歐洲工作地位較高的猶太家庭子女存活率要高於那些地位較低的猶太家庭。情況對於那些其他種族的也是一樣的。但在中世紀,基督教社會中所謂的成功多是貴族通過戰爭與土地強爭豪取,而非通過量才而用(如從事銀行或貿易工作)和平地獲得。

Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society.

把智力與成功的關聯以及成功與生殖力的關系合二為一,你就具備了有利於智商提高的基因傳播的條件。問題是這種智商基因確實存在嗎?假如它果真存在的話,那究竟是什麼呢?科克倫博士認為它們的確存在,而且正是那種引起折磨德系猶太人遺傳疾病的基因。

That small, reproctively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer.

眾所周知,越是人口稀少並且生育范圍狹小的種族就越易患遺傳疾病。總是於同族人通婚,就算不是近親,也會較少遺傳的多樣性,同時也會使某些致病基因沒有規律地在該種族內部泛濫起來。而這種無規律性意味著人們不知道何類致病基因會被大量傳播。但對德系猶太人來說,Cochran 醫生指出,情況卻並非如此。他們當中最常見的十幾種疾病基因基本上可以歸結於兩類:一類參與神經細胞中鞘脂類特殊脂肪)的儲存。鞘脂組成一部分絕緣外層鞘,允許神經細胞發射電子信號。另一類參與DNA 的修復。前者基因會引發神經性疾病,如泰薩二氏病、腦苷脂沉積病和神經鞘磷脂沉積病;而後者會導致癌症。

That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can.

上述看起來並非毫無規律。而且更趨於規律的表現就是,在一些病例中,特殊疾病的致病基因來自於不同的變體,而每個變體都是獨立的原基因變異的結果。這就印證了變異基因是自然選擇保留下來的結果,可它卻不能回答自然選擇為什麼會成了遺傳疾病的幫凶,但在一些特殊的條件下,進化能夠產生這樣的結果。

West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one from each parent). Those who have only one have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.

如西非人以及他們的後代易患一種叫做鐮狀細胞性貧血的疾病,這種病在西非之外幾乎都沒人聽說過。貧血症發於那些紅血球中含有一種特殊的血紅蛋白,其蛋白質中含有氧氣的人。但這種鐮狀細胞性貧血症只會發生在同時有兩組這種致病的血紅蛋白(父母都有這種血紅蛋白)的人身上。而那些只有一組的人不但不會患這種貧血症,也不會患瘧疾,該病被稱為非洲的頭號殺手。因此,我們可以這樣說,抵禦瘧疾的特性使得鐮狀細胞在得以人體中存活下來,同時這種細胞導致貧血症的特性也會被人體排斥,只有在為保持這兩種狀態而產生的壓力達到平衡時,才不會有任何一個特性占據上風。

Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an indivial when present as a single create disease when present as a double . His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might.

Cochran博士認為,德系猶太人也面臨著同樣的情況,他們的某些基因如果以單組出現就可以提高智力,一旦以雙組出現就會引起疾病。顯然,該理論並不如他的鐮狀細胞/瘧疾理論那樣具有說服力,因為他尚未證明任何一種致病基因確實能夠影響智力,但是某些基因的活動區域顯示它們或許真能影響智力。

The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to althood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.

鞘脂儲存類疾病,如泰薩二氏病、腦苷脂沉積病和神經鞘磷脂沉積病,都涉及到連接神經細胞的凸起的多餘生長和分叉。顯然,這種生長和分叉太多的話就會引起疾病。但是,也有可能,僅有單份致病基因的人會出現比較有限的、但仍然加強了的凸起生長。這將有助於加強腦細胞之間的連接,或許因此導致智力提高。實際上,在腦苷脂沉積病的例子中,在三分之一能夠活到成年的患者中,確實有證據表明完全發病的人擁有高於平均值的智商。根據一家專門治療腦苷脂沉積病的以色列診所的醫療記錄,患者中的工程師、科學家、會計和律師的比例多於常人。

Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price.

為什麼基因修復系統失靈會提高智力,現在還不清楚原因何在。雖然,陸續有證據表明產生問題的基因之一參與了調節大腦的早期發育,但是這仍是該論題最薄弱的環節。不過,該理論也有令人信服的地方:它對於擁有單份泰薩二氏病或腦苷脂沉積病或神經鞘磷脂沉積病基因的人會比普通人更聰明做出了明確而可檢驗的預測。Cochran 博士和他的同事認為,這些人的智商因此會比平均水平高出5 個點。盡管有人不願接受,假如確實如此的話,它將有力地證明,德系猶太人在不經意間經歷了優生實驗,而這為他們帶來了智商上的優勢。但是,如同發生在20 世紀的人為的優生實驗一樣,它同樣讓他們付出了可怕的代價。

『柒』 求助:如何訂閱 ECONOMICS 經濟學家雜志啊

1.如何訂閱經濟學人文章?

可以訂閱經濟學人商論APP,付費之後可以學習裡面的雙語文章,一年500元。
也可以看一些平台的學習筆記更新,比如高齋外刊雙語精讀,定期也可以經濟學人原文和筆記。比如這種:
經濟學人18年2月期
No ordinary Zhou
非凡人物周小川
China』s formative central banker is about to retire, but his influence will live on.
為中國央行奠基立業的行長即將退休,但他的影響將一直持續
原文:WHEN Zhou Xiaochuan took the helm of China』s central bank 15 years ago, the world was very different. China had just joined the World Trade Organisation and its economy was still smaller than Britain』s. Foreign investors paid little heed to the new governor of the People』s Bank of China. He seemed safe to ignore: another black-haired, bespectacled official whose talk was littered with socialist bromides.
官方譯文:周小川15年前執掌中國央行時,世界與現今迥然不同。當時中國剛剛加入世貿組織,經濟總量仍低於英國。外國投資者沒把中國人民銀行的這位新行長當回事。看起來,忽視他也沒什麼風險:這不過是又一位黑頭發、戴眼鏡的官員,一張嘴便是社會主義慣用的陳詞濫調。
第一句:WHEN Zhou Xiaochuan took the helm of China』s central bank 15 years ago, the world was very different.
周小川15年前執掌中國央行時,世界與現今迥然不同。
一、《經濟學人》中是如何介紹人物的?
the world was very different:
《經濟學人》在介紹人物時,前半句一般是「介紹人物+所做重要事件+時間」,後半句用「the world was very different」、「the world was a different place」等類似表達。在平常的英語寫作中,可以借鑒類似表達,提升語言張力。比如在介紹馬斯克的時候這樣說:
WHEN Elon Musk started Tesla in 2003 the world was a different place.
伊隆馬斯克2003年創辦特斯拉時,世界與現在大不同。
二、「執掌...」英語怎麼說?
take the helm of:比如金融時報這樣說:
Guo Shuqing, who took the helm of the CSRC in late October, said in a first public address this month that he wanted to clean up markets.
10月末開始執掌中國證監會的郭樹清,本月在第一次公開講話中表示,他要清理市場。
第二句:China had just joined the World Trade Organisation and its economy was still smaller than Britain』s.
當時中國剛剛加入世貿組織,經濟總量仍低於英國。
一、「經濟總量」怎麼說?
在經濟學人中,表達「經濟總量時」,往往直接使用「economy」即可,而不使用「the amount of economy」、「economy aggregate」等。
二、過去完成時的結構以及用法
過去完成時表示過去某一時間之前完成的動作或發生的情況,句子謂語形式由had+動詞的過去分詞構成,通常表述為「過去的過去」。也可以跟有一定的時間狀語,如by, before等介詞或連詞。
「had just joined」:文章中第一句第二句所表達的思想為「周小川15年前執掌中國央行時,當時中國剛剛加入世貿組織......」。第一句中所使用的時態為一般過去時,表示過去發生的動作。
從第二句「當時中國剛剛加入」這一動詞我們可以判斷出「加入世貿組織」是先於「周小川15年前執掌中國央行」的時間,因此本句中的時態應為「過去的過去」,因此採用了過去完成時這一語法結構。
三、「所有格所修飾的名詞」在什麼情況下可以省略?
its economy was still smaller than Britain』s(economy):
所有格修飾的名詞有時可以省略,這主要見於以下情形:
(1) 、承前省略:即根據前文語境省略後文中所含的不言而喻的名詞。
Lily』s book is more interesting than Lucy』s (book).
莉莉的書比露西的書更有趣。
(2) 、習慣性省略:當所有格所修飾的名詞表示教堂、商店、診所、某人家、某人辦公室等時,所有格後的名詞有時可以省略。如:
I've got an appointment at the dentist's(dental clinic)at 11:15.
我已預約11時15分到牙醫診所看病。
第三句:Foreign investors paid little heed to the new governor of the People』s Bank of China.
外國投資者沒把中國人民銀行的這位新行長當回事。
一、「沒當回事」怎麼說?
pay little heed to: 比如金融時報這樣說:
For its first eight years in India, M& S, the mainstay of the British high street, paid little heed to this.
在印度的頭8年,作為英國大眾消費市場支柱的瑪莎百貨幾乎沒有留意這一點。
二、「行長」怎麼說?
Mervyn King, governor of the Bank of England, recently called for a "public and informed debate" on the issue.
英國央行行長默文-金(MervynKing)近日呼籲就此問題展開「開誠布公的討論」.
取自經濟學人18.2.1的文章:
No ordinary Zhou非凡人物周小川
第四句:He seemed safe to ignore: another black-haired, bespectacled official whose talk was littered with socialist bromides.
看起來,忽視他也沒什麼風險:這不過是又一位黑頭發、戴眼鏡的官員,一張嘴便是社會主義慣用的陳詞濫調。
一、「s+v+adj.+to do」結構中,如何用 「不定式的主動形式表示被動含義」?
seemed safe to ignore:忽視他也沒什麼風險
其中需要滿足兩種條件:(1)表語是性質形容詞;(2)主語是to do 的邏輯賓語。
拓展:The book is interesting to read. 這本書讀起來很有趣。
二、「:」的解釋說明作用
在本句中,「:」前後是兩個獨立的句子,「:」前的句子表達了作者的情感態度,即周小川很容易受到忽略。而在「;」的後面進一步對於周小川的形象做出了描寫,具體解釋說明其容易受到忽視的理由。
三、「,」在並列句中表示強調
在英語句子中,通常用and連接兩個並列成分,在此句中「black-haired」,和「bespectacled」之間用 「,」代替了「and」,起到了一種強調的作用。
四、「官員」怎麼說?
"Our general objective is going to be what is good for the system, " the seniorofficial said. "We want the system to have enough capital. "
「我們的大目標將是什麼對整個系統有利,」這位高層官員表示。「我們希望整個系統有充足的資本金。」
五、「充斥」、「比比皆是」怎麼說」?
be littered with:比如金融時報這樣說:
Furthermore, luxury remains an unpredictable instry at the best of times, littered with monster egos and family feuds.
此外,即使在形勢最好的時候,奢侈品也是個難以預測的行業,充斥著極度膨脹的自我意識和家族紛爭。
History is littered with conflicts that, in retrospect, look inexplicable but at the time seemed unavoidable.
各種看上去無法解釋,但當時似乎不可避免的沖突,在歷史上比比皆是。
六、「陳詞濫調」怎麼說?
比如金融時報這樣說:
What replaces it, apart from feel-good bromides and political stitch-ups?
那麼,在泡沫破裂後,除了聊以自慰的陳詞濫調以及政治撮合,取而代之的是什麼呢?
七、「whose」引導的定語從句
whose 是定語從句中一個常用的關系代詞, 它是關系代詞who的所有格,在從句中作定語,也就是說當先行詞與從句中某個名詞有所屬關系,表達「……的」意思時,用關系代詞whose 引導定語從句,它既可以指代人,也可以指代物,既可引導限制性定語從句,也可以引導非限制性定語從句。
比如金融時報這樣說:
In the court next to me was a man whose business collapsed not long ago, after it had borrowed billions of pounds.
隔壁球場有一位男士在打球,前不久他的企業由於數十億英鎊的貸款剛剛倒閉。
It would only shift the surplus to the commodity exporters, whose propensity to consume out of additional export revenues may be very low.
這將只是把盈餘轉移給大宗商品出口國,而這些國家將額外出口收入用於消費的傾向可能非常低。

『捌』 經濟學人賞析-- 蘋果之不幸,人類之大幸(前三段)

智能手機產業的成熟值得慶祝🎉 (雖然對蘋果的股東來說是壞消息,但是對我們全人類來說卻是好消息)

cause: 題目中就出現了我們每日一詞cause,作為「理由」的含義,非常實用。上期《經濟學人》的special report中一篇關於兒童上網的文章中也出現過:Daniel looked at all the evidence he could find, and found less  cause  for alarm than is often suggested. (原文太長,改寫了一下)

1⃣️ 2⃣️  句說,蘋果公司的股價幾個月來一直在下跌。因為iPhone銷量意外減緩,蘋果公司減少了2018年最後一個季度的預估收入,整個市場跟著出現震盪。消息一出,股價再跌10%。3⃣️ 4⃣️ 句說,蘋果公司供貨商股價遭到了沖擊,比如三星。

(二)詞句精讀

1⃣️  WHEN APPLE cut its revenue estimate for the last quarter of 2018 because of unexpectedly slow sales of iPhones, markets   convulsed . 

👉   convulse 基本含義是「痙攣抽筋,震動」,或是「因為笑或生氣等而全身抖動」,現在網上流行的那句「🐯 虎軀一震」就可以用這個詞:I'm convulsed with amazement. 這里用於跟markets市場搭配,可以說是非常形象了,市場受到沖擊而震動。《經濟學人》的一篇關於「美聯儲宣布停止債券購買計劃」 的文章中也出現過這個用法:When the Fed first hinted that this day was coming in the summer of 2013, the investor s panicked and the market convulsed . 可以記住這個搭配。

2⃣️   The company』s share price, which had been  sliding  for months,  fell  by a further 10% on January 3rd, the day after the news came out. 

👉  slide&fall 兩個表示下滑的詞,在同一句話中出現,體現了英語行文中多用不同的詞表達同個意思,避免重復的特點。第二段第一句出現的decline,可以放在一起記。

 3⃣️   Apple』s suppliers』 shares were also hit . 

👉   hit 基本含義是「打」,這里是「打擊,產生不良影響」之義。Rural areas have been worst hit by the strike. 第一句裡面的markets convulsed可以改寫成markets were badly hit。

4⃣️   This week Samsung, the world』s largest maker of smartphones by volume , which also sells components to other smartphone-makers, said its sales were weaker than expected for the quarter, too.

👉  volume 有很多意思,「音量;體積;卷/冊」,這里是指sales volume 「銷售額」。

值得注意的是,volume前面用的介詞by,意思是「從...看」的意思,「從銷售額來看,三星是世界上最大的智能手機製造商」。I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened. 我從她的臉色就能看出有可怕的事情發生了。

拓展一個跟volume相關的表達: speak volumes (about/for sth/sb) "充分說明,清楚表明", 之前讀「 A Street Cat Named Bob 」遇到的:The look she gave him spoke volumes. 比如你求朋友幫忙,人家沒有馬上答應你而是猶豫了一下,你就可以說 「Well, that pause  speaks volumes .」

👉   weak 基本含義是「虛弱無力」 ,但是經常被用在經濟相關的話題中,表示「疲軟的,蕭條的」。這里是用來形容sales銷售量的,下次想說銷量低的時候,不要只想到low啦,還可以想到weak哦!Export sales were weak at that time.

本段為過度段,點題並引起下文。1⃣️ 句說分析人士認為2018年賣出的智能手機數量會首次出現比上年減少的情況。2⃣️ 3⃣️ 4⃣️ 這對那些投資者來說是壞消息,但是觀大局,對全人類來說卻是好消息。

2⃣️  All this is terrible news for investors who had banked on continued growth. 

👉  bank on sb/sth 表示指望,依靠 。比如「請放心」,我們就可以說You can bank on it.  「別指望」就是「Don't bank on it.」 

 4⃣️  That smartphone sales have peaked , and seem to be levelling off at around 1.4bn units a year, is good news for humanity.

👉  peak 名詞是高峰的意思,這里是動詞「達到最高峰」之義,「手機的銷量到了峰值」。再看個例句:Interestingly, traditional SMS text traffic actually  peaked  in 2011! 有趣的是,傳統簡訊服務在2011年達到高峰!

👉 level 我們比較熟悉的也是名詞,在這里是個動詞, level off/out ,是「 保持...水平」的意思 ,「手機銷量達不再上升,保持在每年14億左右」。這里需要注意,後面的小介詞,用的是at,比如:Inflation is finally levelling out at around 11% a month. 通貨膨脹率最終穩定在每月11%左右。也可以不提具體穩定在一個什麼樣的水平。比如:The figures show evidence that murders in the nation's capital are beginning to level off. 數據表明,該國首都謀殺案件的數量開始保持在穩定的水平。(根據上下文可以翻譯成,不再上升,或者不再下降)。

本句是一個由that引導的主語從句,「手機銷量達不再上升,保持在每年14億左右」 這件事,對我們人類來說是個好消息。

1⃣️ 2⃣️ 句說,智能手機是史上最成功的消費產品。3⃣️ 4⃣️ 句說了原因,因為智能手機讓人們能獲取網上大量的信息和服務,讓市場更高效,為發展中國家彌補落後的基礎設施,促進發展。5⃣️ 6⃣️ 7⃣️ 句說使用手機確實會導致浪費時間和散布虛假信息,但是手機的好處是遠遠超過壞處的,而且可能是最有效的發展工具。

1⃣️  People have voted with their wallets to make the smartphone the most successful consumer proct in history: nearly 4bn of the 5.5bn alts on the planet now have one.   2⃣️  And no wonder. 

👉  voted with their wallets 哈哈,我看到這句的時候都笑了,寫的真好,「用錢包投票」,可不是嗎,我們都花大票子買的手機。以後要說哪個商品受歡迎,或是說哪個地方是旅遊勝地等,我們也可以用到這個,比如:Girls have voted with their wallet to make lipstick the most popular cosmetic proct. 

👉  And no wonder.   全世界55億人,差不多40億人都擁有智能手機,智能手機多受歡迎程度不言而喻。所以第二句就說了And no wonder. 我以前見到的,都是後面還接個從句的,比如: No wonder  you're on your own, lad. 怪不得你還單身,小夥子。今天見到了單獨也可以的用法,以後也可以用上啦!

3⃣️  They connect billions of people to the internet』s plethora of information and services. 

👉   plethora 對我來說是個生詞,「 過剩、過量 」的意思,plethora of information and service,可以記住這個搭配,下次想用large amount of的時候,可以試著用plethora這個詞替換,很高級的樣子哈哈。

4⃣️  Phones make markets more efficient, compensate for poor infrastructure in developing countries and boost growth.

👉  make compensate boost 三個動詞,把手機的好處簡潔地說了出來。

5⃣️  Yes, they can be used for wasting time and spreading disinformation. 6⃣️  But the good far outweighs the bad. 

👉  disinformation ,information我們都熟,是「信息」的意思,而disinformation就是們平時經常碰到的「虛假信息,假消息」啦!散布虛假信息「 spread disinformation 」。

👉  outweigh 之前的每日一詞里學到過outlive「比...活得更長」的意思,引申含義,在...結束/消失後,繼續存在:The machine had  outlived its usefulness (= was no longer useful ). outweigh也是out前綴,「重於」,我們原文中這句,可以改寫成:The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

類似的詞還有,outplay「戰勝,擊敗」;outpace「比...快」;outperform「勝過」;outwit「智力上勝過」;outgrow"長得穿不下;比...長得高;年增志移" 如:He's outgrown his passion for rock music. She's outgrown her obsession with fancy appearance.

這兩句的句式可以提煉一下。Yes...But... 看似挺簡單的結構,但是我們卻不一定想到會用。試著造個句子: Yes , getting up early to participate the morning reading was kind of hard for me. But the gain far outweigh the pain. (gain和pain的押韻,是得於下一段「ButApple』s pain is humanity』s gain.」這句的靈感。)

『玖』 請教一下,一般情況,考研英語考試的一些文章都是從哪裡截取的呢

般是節選一些英文原版雜志或是報刊的,比如說
Times,The Guardian,The New York Times ,
News Week ,The Wall Street Journal,The economist 你是在准備考研還是剛剛要上大三,我建議你如果是剛要上大三的話,可以買考研閱讀150題做做,弄懂弄會每一篇,這也是為你明年做准備。這樣針對性比較強。如果你是個人愛好的話,還是可以看看這些題源的,但效果不會很明顯的,因為文章被引用的同事,已經做了很大的改動,尤其是語法,把很多簡單句改成了復雜。所以單純考試而言,效果不好,望採納

『拾』 經濟學人精讀|海龜誤食塑料,原來不是因為長得像食物

本文節選自《經濟學人》2020.3.14期Science & technology版塊的一篇文章《Why turtles eat plastic》,介紹了海龜為什麼會吃塑料袋的新研究

本文總共6段,建議大家先自主閱讀原文,再學習精讀筆記。

文末會總結此次學習寫作可以使用的詞句,讀者也可自己總結。 會定期將內容進行總結,做成word分享,希望大家也能堅持學習

1

Turtles  have an unfortunate habit of devouring  plastic objects floating in the sea. These then get snared in their alimentary canals , cannot  be broken down  by the animals』 digestive enzymes and may  ultimately  kill them.  It is widely assumed that  this  penchant for  plastics  is   a matter of mistaken identity . Drifting plastic bags, for instance, look similar to  jellyfish , which many types of turtles love to eat. Yet lots of plastic objects that  end up inside turtles   have no resemblance to jellyfish . Joseph Pfaller of the University of Florida therefore suspects that something more complicated is going on. As he writes in Current Biology, he thinks that the  odor of marine microorganisms which  colonize  floating plastic objects  inces turtles to feed .

have an unfortunate habit of : 有一個不幸的習慣

devour : to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry 【詞彙積累】

get snared in their alimentary canals : 殘留在消化系統中,可以記住be snared in這個片語。snare意為伴住,纏住,be snared in意為被纏住,alimentary canals表示消化系統 【片語積累】

be broken down : 被分解,A be broken down into sth,A被分解成……,文中指的是塑料物在消化系統中無法被分解 【片語積累】

ultimately : 最終

It is widely assumed that  ……: 人們普遍認為,assume釋義為認為,to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it 【句式】

penchant for : 喜好某事 【詞彙積累】

sth is   a matter of mistaken identity : a matter of表示「……的問題」,mistaken identity認錯身份,弄錯身份。文中是指海龜喜歡吃塑料是認錯 【詞彙積累】

jellyfish : 水母

end up inside turtles : 最終落在海龜肚中

have no resemblance to jellyfish : 和水母不像,have no resemblance to sth與某物不相像,look similar to sth則表示與某物相似。 【片語積累】

odor : 氣味

colonize : ~ sth(在某一地區)聚居,大批生長to live or grow in large numbers in a particular area。Colonize 後面的名詞可表示地點。 【詞彙積累】

inces turtles to feed : ince sb to do sth誘使某人做某事,這里和下一段中的 lure sb to do sth 是相似的意思, lure animals to their doom 引誘動物步入死亡,doom表示厄運,毀滅和死亡 【片語積累】

海龜有吞食漂浮在海上的塑料物的不幸習慣。這些塑料物殘留在消化系統中,無法被消化酶分解,最終可能會殺死他們。人們普遍認為這種對塑料的喜愛是因為把塑料認錯了的原因。例如,漂浮的塑料袋和水母看上去很像,而很多海龜都喜歡吃水母。然而,很多最終被吞食到海龜肚中的塑料物和水母並不相像。因此Joseph Pfaller懷疑這之中還有更復雜的原因。在當代生物學中,他寫道海洋微生物在漂浮的塑料物處繁殖,其氣味吸引海龜來食用。

2

The idea  that the smell of  plastic flotsam  might  lure animals to their doom   first emerged in 2016 . Researchers at the University of California, Davis, noticed that  certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide , which are released into the air by  micro-organism-colonized plastics , are those which many seabirds  sniff to track down food . These chemicals  mark good places to hunt  because they indicate  an abundance of  the  algae and bacteria  that lie at the bottom of marine food chains. The researchers also found that birds which  pursue their food  in this way are five or six times more likely to eat plastic than those which do not.

The idea first emerged in 2016 : 某個想法第一次出現於…… 【句式】

plastic flotsam : 塑料漂浮物,flotsam表示漂浮物,這里這個片語代替了上文中的plastic objects floating in the sea 【詞彙積累】

certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide : 特定的化學物質,尤其是二甲硫化物,這里notably與especially意義相近 【同意替換】

micro-organism-colonized plastics : 布滿微生物的塑料物

sniff to track down food : track down food追蹤食物,sniff表示聞,即通過聞氣味的方式追蹤食物,下文中還有 pursue their food , 同樣表示追蹤食物 【同意替換】

mark good places to hunt : 標志了優良的捕獵場所,mark,標記,信號筆也是mark

an abundance of ……: 豐富的…… 【片語積累】

algae and bacteria : algae and bacteria : 藻類和細菌

塑料的味道可能會引誘動物步入死亡,這個想法初次出現於2016年,研究者們發現某些特定的化學物質,尤其是二甲硫化物,這種由布滿微生物的塑料釋放到空氣中的物質,很多海鳥通過聞它來追蹤食物。這些物質標志了優良的捕獵場所,因為他們表明那裡存在著豐富的藻類和細菌,是海洋食物鏈的底層。研究者們也發現以這種方式追蹤食物的鳥類誤食塑料的機率是其他鳥類的5到6倍。

3

Since turtles  are known to break the surface periodically   and sniff the air  when navigating towards their feeding areas, Dr Pfaller  theorized that  they are following these same chemicals, and  are  likewise  fooled into thinking  that floating plastic objects are  edible .

are known to break the surface periodically and sniff the air : break the surface表示露出水面,通常是break the surface of water,are known to表示某件事為人所知 【片語積累】

theorize that : theorize是theory的動詞形式,表示形成理論,建立理論 【詞彙積累】

are fooled into thinking : be fooled into doing意為被騙做某事,誤以為……做某事 【片語積累】

edible : 可食用的

因為海龜在前往捕食場所時會露出水面呼吸空氣,Pfaller認為它們也以這種同樣的物質作為導航指向,並有可能被誤導,認為漂浮塑料是可食用的。

4

To test that idea, he and his colleagues  set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles , a species frequently killed by plastic. They arranged for 15 of the animals, each around five months old, to be exposed, in random order, to four odours delivered through a pipe to the air above an experimental arena . The odors were: the vapor from  deionized water ; the smell of  turtle-feeding pellets  made of shrimp and fish meal; the smell of a clean plastic bottle  chopped up into ten pieces ; and the smell of a similarly chopped bottle that had been kept in the ocean for five weeks to allow algae and bacteria to grow on it.

set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles :建立了一個以蠵龜為對象的實驗,這里involving是which involves,以簡潔的方式說明實驗對象為蠵龜 【句式】

experimental arena : 實驗平台

deionized water : 去離子水

turtle-feeding pellets : 海龜飼料球

chopped up into ten pieces : 切成十個碎片,chop up意為切斷 【片語積累】

為了驗證這個想法,他和同事們建立了一個實驗,使用蠵龜作為實驗對象,這是一種經常被塑料殺死的種類。他們安排了15隻,每隻的年齡都在5個月左右,他們以隨機次序暴露於4種氣味,通過管道傳送至實驗平台。這些氣味是:去離子水蒸氣味,由蝦和魚肉製成的海龜飼料球的氣味,切成10片的干凈的塑料瓶的氣味,以及被放在海里5周,擁有海藻和細菌生成於上的相同的塑料碎片的氣味。

5

Two of the smells  proved far more attractive to  the animals than the others. When sniffing both the odor of food pellets and that of five-week-old bottles turtles kept their nostrils out of the water more than three times as long, and took twice as many breaths as they did when what was on offer was the smell of fresh bottle-plastic or deionized-water vapor.  On the face of it , then, the turtles were responding to the smell of old bottles as if it were the smell of food.

A proved far more attractive to B : A的氣味對B更具吸引力

On the face of it : 從表面上看起來,乍一看起來。表示初步判斷,沒有經過更細致的檢測 【片語積累】

兩種氣味比其他兩種更具吸引力,當聞到食物球氣味和放置於海里5周的塑料瓶碎片的氣味時,海龜探出鼻子呼吸的時間長度是原來的3倍,呼吸次數是其他兩種氣味的兩種。初步看起來,海龜對於放置於海中較久時間的塑料瓶,會把它們當做食物的味道。

6

Though they have not yet tested whether dimethyl sulphide is the culprit, Dr Pfaller and his colleagues think  it is the most likely candidate.  In an unpolluted ocean,  pretty well  anything which had this smell would be edible—or, at least, harmless. Unfortunately, five-week-old plastic bottles  and their like  are not.

it is the most likely candidate. : 這是最有可能的犯罪兇手,candidate是候選人,最理想的對象,這里指的是最理想的culprit 【詞彙積累】

pretty well : 差不多,幾乎 【詞彙積累】

A and their like : their like指的是A這種物質的同類物質 【詞彙積累】

盡管它們沒有檢測二甲硫化物是不是罪魁禍首,但Pfaller和他的同事們認為它是最有可能的元兇。在一片未受污染的海域,幾乎任何擁有這種氣味的東西都是可食用的,或者,至少是無害的。不幸的是,5周時間的塑料瓶,以及同類的物質並非無害。

總結

devour : to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry 【詞彙積累】

penchant for : 喜好某事 【詞彙積累】

sth is   a matter of mistaken identity : a matter of表示「……的問題」,mistaken identity認錯身份,弄錯身份。文中是指海龜喜歡吃塑料是認錯 【詞彙積累】

colonize : ~ sth(在某一地區)聚居,大批生長to live or grow in large numbers in a particular area。Colonize 後面的名詞可表示地點。 【詞彙積累】

plastic flotsam : 塑料漂浮物,flotsam表示漂浮物,這里這個片語代替了上

文中的plastic objects floating in the sea 【詞彙積累】

theorize that : theorize是theory的動詞形式,表示形成理論,建立理論 【詞彙積累】

it is the most likely candidate. : 這是最有可能的犯罪兇手,candidate是候選

人,最理想的對象,這里指的是最理想的culprit 【詞彙積累】

pretty well : 差不多,幾乎 【詞彙積累】

A and their like : their like指的是A這種物質的同類物質 【詞彙積累】

get snared in their alimentary canals : 殘留在消化系統中,可以記住be snared in這個片語。snare意為伴住,纏住,be snared in意為被纏住,alimentary canals表示消化系統 【片語積累】

be broken down : 被分解,A be broken down into sth,A被分解成……,文中指的是塑料物在消化系統中無法被分解 【片語積累】

have no resemblance to jellyfish : 和水母不像,have no resemblance to sth與某物不相像,look similar to sth則表示與某物相似。 【片語積累】

inces turtles to feed : ince sb to do sth誘使某人做某事,這里和下一段中的 lure sb to do sth 是相似的意思, lure animals to their doom 引誘動物步入死亡,doom表示厄運,毀滅和死亡 【片語積累】

an abundance of ……: 豐富的…… 【片語積累】

are known to break the surface periodically and sniff the air : break the surface表示露出水面,通常是break the surface of water,are known to表示某件事為人所知 【片語積累】

are fooled into thinking : be fooled into doing意為被騙做某事,誤以為……做某事 【片語積累】

chopped up into ten pieces : 切成十個碎片,chop up意為切斷 【片語積累】

On the face of it : 從表面上看起來,乍一看起來。表示初步判斷,沒有經過更細致的檢測 【片語積累】

It is widely assumed that  ……: 人們普遍認為,assume釋義為認為,to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it 【句式】

The idea first emerged in 2016 : 某個想法第一次出現於…… 【句式】

set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles :建立了一個以蠵龜為對象的實驗,這里involving是which involves,以簡潔的方式說明實驗對象為蠵龜 【句式】

certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide : 特定的化學物質,尤其是二甲硫化物,這里notably與especially意義相近 【同意替換】

sniff to track down food : track down food追蹤食物,sniff表示聞,即通過聞氣味的方式追蹤食物,下文中還有 pursue their food , 同樣表示追蹤食物 【同意替換】

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