经济学人精讲的原文为什么找不到

‘壹’ 为什么读博是浪费时间

这篇文章是2010年《经济学人》的一篇文章，但曾多次出现在《经济学人》首页热文榜栏目中，本文讲的是美国的事情，但是希望对我们大家能够带来些许思考。（原文略有删减）
在今天，学术论文不仅仅阐述作者观点，同时还代表作者的一段时期内的研究成果。每年都有成千上万的学生们想要拿到博士学位，前赴后继辛苦劳累，就是为了完成这样一篇博士论文。
在大多数国家，博士学位是进入学术界的门槛，进入独立研究某个领域的敲门砖，也是与导师合作的研究成果。各个国家，不同大学，不同专业，要求也有所不同。获得博士学位只需要完成研究论文，而有些还需要参加一些必修课或选修课或是助教工作。一篇学术论文有几十页，甚至是几百页。这些博士有的还是二十出头的小伙儿，有些已经是知天命的四十岁中年人了。
这些读博的学生们有一点是相同的：即对现状不满。有的把自己的工作描述为打工仔，每周七天无休息，二十四小时待命，薪酬很少，前途渺茫。这种情况很普遍。
在读博士抱怨满腹早已不是什么新鲜事，现象背后的本质问题在于培养博士体系本身。应用性博士，比如法学博士、商学博士和药学博士，实际上含金量很高。尽管博士学位的设置是为进入学术界而考虑，但是现在存在的问题是，授予博士学位的数量和现有的研究岗位数量差距拉大。博士供过于求，而很多企业领导又说他们找不到所需的高级技术人才。从一方面也表明博士们并没有学到企业所需的知识技能。一些人甚至把研究型博士的培养体系比作旁氏原理。
同时，许多大学形成了一个共识，在读博士积极性很高，因而是可以任意指使的廉价劳动力。招收博士有助于学校开展研究项目，这些博士生还可用来发展教育，而且成本少。
支持读博士的人也许会说，即使不能得到一份稳定的研究工作，读博也是值得的。并非每一位读博士的人都想进入大学，也有很多在私营企业，或是企业研发等，都取得了不错的成绩。这的确是事实。但是凡事都有两面，我们看到的事实，博士生退学者增多，很多在读博士很郁闷。
在美国，仅仅57%的博士在十年以后继续攻读博士，也就是说其他的都退学了。在人文社会学科领域，自费读博士的学生退学比例是49%。更糟糕的是，其他在读博士，在博士一年级就在不同专业跳来跳去，很多人文学科在读博士坚守着自己的领域，最终很多人不得不放弃了。而辍学者往往成为了国家的学术精英。美国大学一个研究报告表明，按时完成博士学习的人，并不比辍学者睿智多少。缺少职业指导，前途渺茫，经济拮据成了他们最终放弃的原因。而就算完成了学业，也并非前途光芒。
纽约一位政治家史沃兹博士说，博士课程中有很多可以用更短课程取代，他说，华尔街发现很多物理学家能够解出微分方程，于是聘请他们做定量分析。但是如今教授却用一些很简单的高等数学课程，因此，一个会解微分方程的博士生不再具有竞争力。
很多学生做研究是出于热爱，现在教育却成了终结了他们的热爱。很少人知道路在何方，英国一项对博士毕业生研究数据表明，三分之一人读博只是为了继续做学生，或是延迟就业。大概一半学生说，科学家可以有很高的年薪，因此就随波逐流读博。但是呆在校园，喜忧参半。高学历者更容易不满足更容易跳槽。
一些人开始怀疑读博是否值得，如同怀疑这个世界太多的艺术和文化。他们认为，知识会从大学渗透到社会各个领域，社会物质文明高度发展，会朝着更加健康的方向。在宏观上是这样，微观方面，读博的确是一个很糟的选择。

‘贰’ 怎么才能拿到雅思6.5

北美趣西经！ 16G托福干货资料在此！ 北美趣西经16G备考攻略能满足你的那些需求？ ①资料涵盖听说读写，满足全方面、多角度、系统化复习需要 ②资料按难度整理，无论你在托福前中后哪个阶段都适应 ③资料绝对没有水货，绝对重点难点突出，干货满满 更重要的是！ 还有免费批改作文和口语的福利！！ 关注北美趣西经，等你来领！！！
（一）好的开始是成功的一半
①准备好文具与书。
这个不多赘言啦…我的笔和本子基本是MUJI的（安利用方格纸，简直要爱上做笔记！），最心水的笔是三菱的UB-150，然后每天会用Filofax活页手帐记录复习进度。
②在开始复习前打印好剑桥雅思。
买也可以下载后打印也可以，但是做题一定要用纸质的哦。
③屯好答题纸。答题纸这里有pdf文件，
由于手机端网盘下载很不方便，建议大家照着上面的地址敲到电脑里，注意别敲错哦，显示文件已删除说明你有字母没敲对哦~
非常有效！平时训练就要把答题纸用起来，尤其是作文，平时练习时直接写在答题纸上，可以对自己一般写到第几行心里有数，到考场上就不会因为字数慌神了。
（二）开始备考啦！
Ⅰ．听力
1.如何备考？
我个人觉得听力备考做剑桥雅思真题就妥妥够了。怎么做呢？我的建议是每套题做三遍。第一遍按考试节奏做，第二遍看听力原文查好生词（这些生词要记下来反复听，尽量做到会用），第三遍快进听自己错的地方，耐心分析为什么会错。——这一步很关键，不管你的理由是“开小差”还是“没听清”，都不要轻易放过去了，因为有时看似偶然的错误其实是必然的。随着做题量的增多，你会明显感到自己的听力有一个质的提升。

2.有什么做题小技巧？
1）每个section的30秒时间一定要善加利用，大胆“预测”，可以自己发明一些速记符。比如，在觉得会是名词的空格后全部标上一个表示复数的符号如【s】，提醒自己注意单复数。如果听到确定有s则勾上，若没有则划去。还有许多其他的小技巧可以自行总结。
2）雅思听力是细节决定高分。考试最后有十分钟时间誊写答题纸，此时注重检查可能还能提分哦。着重检查4点：连字符，单复数，拼写（不用看大小写，雅思听力阅读均不区分答案大小写问题，这是官方标答，无需担忧）。
3.平时该如何练听力呢？
我下载了很多native speakers的英语音频或视频，一般想到了就会点开当背景音啦，反正开着又不累…一般我就听《经济学人》的文章，对阅读也有帮助。
Ⅱ．阅读
阅读我是满分，所以相对比较有发言权啦…但其实看到分数的时候确实挺意外的，因为我阅读花的力气是最少的，真题四本都没做到就去考了，结果反而考得最好，现在要总结起来也一时有些懵逼…我就简单回忆一下自己的准备过程和做题技巧吧。
1.如何备考？
同听力，我依旧是紧抱真题不放手，每套真题刷三遍…不过阅读分析时要比听力更细致。
第一是查生词。我向来不主张“干背”单词，即利用单词书或app，脱离文章背。虽然我每天用一些软件单词打卡，已经三百多天，但我并不认为这对我的雅思阅读帮助巨大。如果说一点没用是有点绝对，但我觉得这常会给自己一种“我每天都在用功”的幻觉，其实很多都没背进去。
BUT——背单词依然是重中之重。背什么？就背真题里听力/阅读的单词，吃透意思。怎么背呢？做完一套题，查完生词含义，再结合文章内容背，这样事半功倍。
第二是看解析，想明白自己为什么错。是对NO和NOT GIVEN的定义理解不透，还是文章内容没看懂，多问自己几个为什么。很多解析可以在网上找到，土豪如果想买解析/官方指南/精讲当然也可以啦…
2.我没时间刷题，怎么办呢？
常有烤鸭无比自责地说：因为没刷完真题，阅读只考了XX分…告诉懒人们一个喜大普奔的消息：我只做了4套题，但我考了满分！
我是怎么做的呢？雅思阅读分八大题型，做2至3套题就能知道个大概，自己最擅长和最不擅长的是哪一类型，再找真题书里的这一题型着重练习即可。（比如，我就不擅长Heading的题型，所以考试时看到这种题就放最后做，把有把握的分全拿到。）
但我并不是说做题就不重要了。只是传统的中国学僧多以语言输入为主，听力阅读的学习时间本就高于口语写作，所以如果准备时间相对仓促，可以把时间更多地分配给作文或口语。而如果是阅读底子薄弱的童鞋，就建议在平时加大阅读量和训练做题速度了。
Ⅲ．口语
这是最让我心塞的一个part，二战都失利了，但我还是觉得临场的决定因素比较多，比如心理素质不够过关以及没有很好地把握考试技巧，并不代表我口语真的就这么渣…Anyway，我还是想厚着脸皮和大家聊聊口语（失败）的备考经，希望可以引以为鉴（戒）哦!
1.如何准备？
根据题库准备。
需要注意的是，每年1月、5月、9月是雅思换题季，所以一定注意报考时间，选择时间段内的题库。
2.Part 2如何准备？
口语中大家最重视的莫过于Part 2。很多人说part 2不要背，会穿帮（比如演技不好的我就死在这里…），但是不背不代表完全不准备。如果干说确实能说出来，但在那样紧张的环境下，很难一下子想出比较好的句型变化，所以二战前我把话题全部写了一遍。
燃鹅，有人说，题库有五十几个话题，全写可能会写死啊！这时候就需要大开脑洞了！（这可是我最擅长的事嘿嘿嘿~）一定要学会根据题库联想套Part 2的题。
举个栗子，我有一篇的梗概是：毕业旅行，和室友们一起计划骑行到乡下,住在Airbnb上订的房子里度假，在花园里见到了野生动物，但我因突发事件错过了这次约定。
觉得没什么特别？我这一句话已经套进去了10个话题哦！分别为：
a) An enjoyable experience you had in the countryside
=An interesting house or apartment you visited
=A garden you have visited
=A time you were close to a wild animal
=Something you did with a group of people
1- A time you prepared for a happy event
2- A time you missed an important appointment
b) A plan in your life (that is not related to work or study)
=A car/bicycle/motorcycle trip that you want to go
=A holiday you want to go in the future
下面是我根据脑洞写出的文章，仅供参考：
a) This topic reminds me of my graation trip three years ago. My roomies and I planned/made a bicycle trip to Hangzhou in order to celebrate the event that we succeeded insurviving from our high school.
We planned everything and discussed every detail together, like where would we live and how would we get there. The time I saw the apartment we booked, we screamed and laughed, rushing into it immediately. (That was one of the most interesting house I’ve ever stayed. Its exterior wall was painted as blue as the sky and inside was light blue. And the landlord made all the decorations himself, full of artistic atmosphere. What’s more,) there is also an amazing garden at the back of the house, and I was amazed at the sight of the beautiful scenery. Lotus bloomed quietly in the pond, and a slight breeze rose, wafting the heavy scent of flowers past us. But what surprised us mostly was that we met a wild animal in the garden by chance! Actually, that was just a little squirrel. One of us found it first and whispered in our ears, in case we were too loud to scary it. We got closer to the tree, helding our breath, and it looked like an elf! It was eating a kind of nut and jumped here and there. We took many pictures of it and signed that with the fast development, we no longer saw cute wild animals like it in our urban life.
1-将准备过程更加具体化

2-We planned everything and discussed every detail together, like where do we live and how to get there. At last, we decided to set up in the middle of June which is not quite hot and we can get there by bicycle. But what happened before leaving was a shock to me: my granny passed away because of heart disease and I went back to attend her funeral ceremony. I was too sorrowful even to care about missing the appointment, but afterwards, I did feel pity that I missed the chance to finish that trip with my friends, and they’re now all in different cities. But they understood me a lot and made a interesting video on WeChat to comfort me and this made me feel so much better. Till now, I still feel so warm when I think of this, maybe that’s the power of friendship that can cure sorrow.
b)将这件事描述成一个计划，时态改为将来时
3.Part 1 和 Part 3如何准备？
这个功夫在平时。我有几个在德国交换时认识的外国旁友，平时会在社交软件上聊天。如果口语本身就薄弱的，我建议找一个“语伴”。
四．作文
其实作文我是裸考的（没有装逼，是真的没时间看了），没想到居然比口语高了…这个部分我就简单说吧。
很多人说作文不要背模板，没错，但是掌握写作思路是重中之重，可以没时间把预测题都写一写，但是思路要过过脑子，范文一定要看。
写作重在写，建议大家勤加练笔（虽然我自己没做到）但是写完一定要有人帮你看，不然不知道薄弱点在哪。
关于口语和作文的学习再多说两句，贴一段觉得hin有道理的话（转）
听力阅读有大量的学习材料，而口语写作可用资源比较少，并且质量参差不齐，即使是老师，这两项上也很难保证自己的内容真正权威，尤其是写作本身对提供材料的人要求比较高。并且，这两样通俗点说就是“学起来更累”，所以稍一犯懒，这两部分的学习量就低了不少。而那些让我们感觉的“学起来更累”的东西，往往是具有更高的学习深度和学习效果的，比如听写一篇文章和拿一篇文章“听着玩儿”相比，翻译一篇阅读和浏览一篇文章相比，写一篇文章和看一篇范文相比，这并不意味着泛听泛读不重要，也不是说“无意识学习”这种事情不靠谱，而是大多数同学复习过程中，“学起来更累”的东西，还是少了些。
五．其他
1.英语基础能力如何提高？
我认为最重要的就两点：语法，单词。
我语法基础比较扎实，没有花太多时间。如果这方面薄弱的一定要买书回来下功夫看，提高很快的。单词前面说过了，我一般每天空着的时候就背一两百个，不占时间也权当放松。
2.考前几天怎么过？
（1）保持题感这是必须的。
不过也不用全天紧绷，我考前十天都是“做二休一“，复习两小时玩一小时。
有人说，要每天在考试时间（上午）模拟，然而夜猫子并没有毅力做到…但真心觉得是个很不错的建议呢。
（2）保持良好的身体状况。
能早睡早起是最好不过了，也不要疏于运动了。没时间做户外，我备考期间就早晚做瑜伽，挺治愈的。
（3）心态最重要！
屠鸭成功的第一步，是相信自己能够屠鸭成功。

‘叁’ 经济学人精读 The Economist [05] | Lifelong learning 终身学习 Part 4

The Economist [05] | Lifelong learning 终身学习 Part 4

If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical. Because ecation is a public good whose benefits spill over to all of society, governments have a vital role to play—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely.

Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills later in life.

But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such “indivial learning accounts”; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.

Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But instry can help by steering people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.

To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.

Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting jobs market. Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.

If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical[根本性的]. 如果新的学习方式是要帮助那些最需要帮助的人，那么政策制定者应该寻求远为根本性的举措。

【radical】

relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or extreme根本的；彻底的，完全的

We need to make some radical changes to our operating proceres.我们需要对操作规程进行一些根本性的变革。

I'm just having my hair trimmed - nothing radical.我只是修剪了一下头发，没有什么大的改变。

Because ecation is a public good[公益事业] whose benefits spill over to[延及] all of society, governments have a vital role to play[发挥重要作用]—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely[花得明智]. 因为教育是一种公益事业，其益处会延及整个社会，各国政府要发挥重要作用——不仅要增加投入，还得把钱花得明智。

【spill over】

If an activity or situation spills over, it begins to affect another situation or group of people, especially in an unpleasant or unwanted way. （尤指令人不快地）波及，扩散，影响

I try not to let my work spill over into my life outside the office.我努力不让我的工作影响到办公室之外的生活。

The conflict threatens to spill over into neighbouring regions.冲突可能会波及到邻近地区。

Lifelong learning starts at school. 终身学习始于学校。

As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational[职业的]. 一般来说，教育不应该有狭隘的职业性。

The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. 学生需要从课程中学会如何学习和思考。

A focus on[注重] “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills[学习技能] later in life. 注重“元认知”将帮助学生日后更好地学习技能。

But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely[常态化地] accessible to all. 但最大的改变是让所有人都能常态化地进行成人学习。

One way is for citizens to receive vouchers[抵用券] that they can use to pay for training. 一个方法是向国民发放抵用券，可用于支付培训费用。

Singapore has such “indivial learning accounts”; 新加坡就有这样的“个人学习账户”。

it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. 该国向所有25岁以上的国民提供资金，可用来选择学习500种经认可的课程。

So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days. 到目前为止，每个国民只领取了几百美元，但这才刚刚开始。

【it is early days】

said when you think it is too soon to make a judgment about the likely result of something because a lot might still happen or change 言之过早；为时尚早

Our progress has been fairly slow so far, but it's early days.到目前为止我们的进度很缓慢，但来日方长，现在还不能说以后会怎么样。

Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. 由纳税人付费的课程有可能被浪费。

But instry can help by steering[引导] people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. 但企业界可以提供帮助，引导人们学习业界所需的技能，并和MOOC及大学院校合作设计有用的课程。

【steer】

to take someone or something or make someone or something go in the direction in which you want him, her, or it引导，带领

She steered her guests into the dining room.她把客人们领到餐厅。

I'd like to steer our discussion back to our original topic.我想请大家重新回到我们原来讨论的话题。

The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy.新政府的主要任务是将国家引向民主。

Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. 企业还可以鼓励员工学习。

AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. 电信公司AT&T希望员工具备数字技能，它每年支出3000万美元报销员工的学费。

【reimburse】

to pay back money to someone who has spent it for you or lost it because of you偿还；付还；补偿

The airline reimbursed me for the amount they had overcharged me.航空公司多收了我钱，他们后来退还给我了。

She was reimbursed by the gas company for the damage to her house.煤气公司对她房屋遭受的损失进行了赔偿。

Trade unions can play a useful role as[发挥作用] organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. 工会也可以发挥作用，组织终身学习，尤其是帮助那些小公司的员工或自雇人士，因为这些人不大可能有公费培训的机会。

A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left. 在英国，一个工会组织的培训项目同时得到了左右两派政党的支持。

To make all this training worthwhile[值得的], governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. 要让所有这些培训有价值，政府需要大力降低执业资格要求以及其他阻碍新人入行的门槛。

【slash】

to very much rece something, such as money or jobs大幅削减，大幅减少（金钱、工作等）

Prices have been slashed by 50 percent!价格直降50%！

Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.例如，与其要求有300小时的实习来获得做洗发工的资格，田纳西州应该让理发店自行决定雇谁最好。

Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting[不断变化的] jobs market. 并非每个人都能成功应付正在变化的就业市场。

【navigate】

to direct the way that a ship, aircraft, etc. will travel, or to find a direction across, along, or over an areaof water or land, often by using a map（常指借助地图）导航，确定…的方向

Sailors have special equipment to help them navigate.船员们借助专门的仪器确定航向。

Even ancient ships were able to navigate large stretches of openwater.即便是古老的船只也能在宽阔的大片水域中航行。

Some migrating birds can navigate by the moon (= using the moon as a guide).有些迁徙的鸟类可以借助月亮确定方向。

There weren't any road signs to help us navigate through the maze of one-way streets.没有任何路标可以指引我们穿过像迷宫似的单行街道。

We had to navigate several flights of stairs to find his office.我们不得不攀上好几层楼梯才找到他的办公室。

Those most at risk of[受威胁] technological disruption[技术颠覆] are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine[男子汉的]” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. 受技术颠覆威胁最大的是那些蓝领工人，其中很多人拒绝在医疗护理等快速发展的领域里承担不那么“男子汉”的工作。

【masculine】

adjective UK   /ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/  US   /ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/

having characteristics that are traditionally thought to be typical of or suitable for men男性的，男子气概的；适于男子的

a masculine appearance/voice男性外表／嗓音

But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. 但是，若要尽量减少因时代改变而落伍的人数，那么所有成年人都必须能够获得灵活而又实惠的培训。

The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning[令人震惊的] advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.在19和20世纪，教育有了令人震惊的进步。今天的抱负应当不逊当年。

If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something far more radical[根本性的]. Because ecation is a public good[公益事业] whose benefits spill over to[延及] all of society, governments have a vital role to play[发挥重要作用]—not just by spending more, but also by spending wisely[花得明智].

如果新的学习方式是要帮助那些最需要帮助的人，那么政策制定者应该寻求远为根本性的举措。因为教育是一种公益事业，其益处会延及整个社会，各国政府要发挥重要作用——不仅要增加投入，还得把钱花得明智。

Lifelong learning starts at school. As a rule, ecation should not be narrowly vocational[职业的]. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and think. A focus on[注重] “metacognition” will make them better at picking up skills[学习技能] later in life.

终身学习始于学校。一般来说，教育不应该有狭隘的职业性。学生需要从课程中学会如何学习和思考。注重“元认知”将帮助学生日后更好地学习技能。

But the biggest change is to make alt learning routinely[常态化地] accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers[抵用券] that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has such “indivial learning accounts”; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 approved courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.

但最大的改变是让所有人都能常态化地进行成人学习。一个方法是向国民发放抵用券，可用于支付培训费用。新加坡就有这样的“个人学习账户”。该国向所有25岁以上的国民提供资金，可用来选择学习500种经认可的课程。到目前为止，每个国民只领取了几百美元，但这才刚刚开始。

Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being wasteful. But instry can help by steering[引导] people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are relevant. Companies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees’ tuition costs. Trade unions can play a useful role as[发挥作用] organisers of lifelong learning, particularly for those—workers in small firms or the self-employed—for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has support from political parties on the right and left.

由纳税人付费的课程有可能被浪费。但企业界可以提供帮助，引导人们学习业界所需的技能，并和MOOC及大学院校合作设计有用的课程。企业还可以鼓励员工学习。电信公司AT&T希望员工具备数字技能，它每年支出3000万美元报销员工的学费。工会也可以发挥作用，组织终身学习，尤其是帮助那些小公司的员工或自雇人士，因为这些人不大可能有公费培训的机会。在英国，一个工会组织的培训项目同时得到了左右两派政党的支持。

To make all this training worthwhile[值得的], governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard for newcomers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours’ practice to qualify to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.

要让所有这些培训有价值，政府需要大力降低执业资格要求以及其他阻碍新人入行的门槛。例如，与其要求有300小时的实习来获得做洗发工的资格，田纳西州应该让理发店自行决定雇谁最好。

Not everyone will successfully navigate the shifting[不断变化的] jobs market. Those most at risk of[受威胁] technological disruption[技术颠覆] are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine[男子汉的]” roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all alts must have access to flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning[令人震惊的] advances in ecation. That should be the scale of the ambition today.

并非每个人都能成功应付正在变化的就业市场。受技术颠覆威胁最大的是那些蓝领工人，其中很多人拒绝在医疗护理等快速发展的领域里承担不那么“男子汉”的工作。但是，若要尽量减少因时代改变而落伍的人数，那么所有成年人都必须能够获得灵活而又实惠的培训。在19和20世纪，教育有了令人震惊的进步。今天的抱负应当不逊当年。

【radical】根本的；彻底的，完全的

【spill over】波及，扩散，影响

【it is early days】言之过早；为时尚早

【steer】引导，带领

【reimburse】偿还；付还；补偿

【slash】大幅削减，大幅减少（金钱、工作等）

【navigate】导航，确定…的方向

【masculine】男性的，男子气概的；适于男子的

public good[公益事业]

have a vital role to play[发挥重要作用]

spending wisely[花得明智]

vocational[职业的]

picking up skills[学习技能]

routinely[常态化地]

vouchers[抵用券]

play a useful role[发挥作用]

at risk of[受威胁]

technological disruption[技术颠覆]

stunning[令人震惊的]

原文选自《经济学人》 2017年1月14日 Technology and ecation版块 Lifelong Learning文章

原文链接：https://gbr.economist.com/articles/view/5878aaadffe2d6434a24290c/en_GB/zh_CN

翻译链接：https://gbr.economist.com/articles/view/5878aaadffe2d6434a24290c/zh_CN/en_GB

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‘肆’ 知识付费，付的是学费还是智商税

知识付费当然不是“智商税”。

知识付费是人们自愿为了阅览、学习某些知识付出一定的资金。知识，当然应该被付费。就像上学你得交学费一样，知识付费只是没有了学校这个固定的场所，知识就接受者就像学生，想要学习知识，就得付出资金请一个老师或者买下自己想要学习的内容。

历史中缥缈浩瀚的名着典籍，网络上越来越多的碎片知识，一个人想要高效率的学习这些知识，就必须依靠知识付费。它们可以为知识接受者挑选出更有价值的知识，然后以更加高效的方式的传授给他。

现在已经可以看到喜马拉雅上的付费课程，罗辑思维的app得到等等各种知识付费的平台。随着人们对知识越来越重视，知识付费会越来越普遍。为知识而投资，值得。

‘伍’ 同济大学产业经济学考研经验分享

同济大学产业经济考研经验分享

‘陆’ 《经济学人》精读文章——Natural Genius

这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达，我贴出来，大家一起赏析一下：

佳句篇：

 

Sentence 1.

He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested.

解析：

Ruffle弄皱的意思

Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流撸猫）

The idea that ...用的是同位语从句，不太多，常用搭配是the evidence that，the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。

Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组，而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。

Sentence 2.

Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm.

disproportionately不成比例地

主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句（插入后置定语）

每个部分都不难，集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。

Sentence 3.

But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).

这个句子不难，为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲，这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词，实则在翻译（以及理解）当中，我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分，而且作副词处理。

Aristocratic贵族统治

Meritocratic德治

Sentence 4.

That small, reproctively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known.

主语从句，注意that.

Sentence 5.

Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.

典型长句，如何解析？

Most of the dozen or so  disease genes that are common in them  belong to one of two types:

Or so大约

斜体作的是disease genes

they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.

either or后面是两个in...

第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids

that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。

也就是说，（非限制性）定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。

第二个in后面很简单，但！！！文章最后一段有解释，对于 文章结构 至关重要。

Sentence 6&7.

Thus, the theory goes, the pressure  to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure  to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects.

It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.

两句话放一起。

主干已加黑。很有意思的句子，工整、对仗，而又解释非常清楚。

下一句，persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准，整句话像外科手术般，精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂，用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超，字字玑珠，像极了宝马M3。

Sentence 8.

Genes that promote intelligence in an indivial when present as a single create disease when present as a double .

乍一看没什么稀奇，再一看，把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中，可谓老辣。

作何解？

That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定，指的是genes的其中一种特征，然后用when说明了适用情况。

Create谓语的主语也是genes，但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定，其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。

简单来讲，genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定，又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。

Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应，尽管成分差别很大。

两个when的对比。

可谓神句。

Sentence 9.

An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.

Than (what) would be expected by chance.

省略了what。。。你能理解吗？

还有这个books，这个同语境关联强烈。

好的表达：

1. ruffle one’s feather

2. Tremble at the thought

3. Affirm作不及物动词（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ）

4. aristocratic v.s. meritocratic

5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence

附原文及翻译：

Natural genius? 天生我才？

The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past

德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果

THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection.

某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法，是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过着名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别，总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病，其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出，就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算，更具争议的是，他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。

Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection.

然而就算是Cochran，也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同，在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文，文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点，还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。

History before science

不管是否科学，先来看看历史

Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing ecation. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively.

德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗，正常人一般在100分左右，而他们大多都能得个112-115分，而且虽然人数不多，但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒，我们就会点头称是了。但同时，他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实，最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的，如浓烈的价值观教育的传统；后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果，不过即使是现在，德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚，在过去，就更是如此了。

Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.

但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑，并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力，才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。

Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim.

德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后，犹太难民四散而逃，逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。

In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point.

在中世纪，欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等，结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业，如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作，此外，他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚（这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实）。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。

He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking.

他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业，虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了，但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明，智力水平（按智力测试的标准来算）与工资水平（如那些从事银行工作的人）联系密切。

What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to althood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).

这些历史记录证明了，那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪，基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取，而非通过量才而用（如从事银行或贸易工作）和平地获得。

Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society.

把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一，你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗？假如它果真存在的话，那究竟是什么呢？科克伦博士认为它们的确存在，而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。

That small, reproctively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer.

众所周知，越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚，就算不是近亲，也会较少遗传的多样性，同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说，Cochran 医生指出，情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类：一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪）的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘，允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病；而后者会导致癌症。

That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can.

上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是，在一些病例中，特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体，而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果，可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶，但在一些特殊的条件下，进化能够产生这样的结果。

West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one from each parent). Those who have only one have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.

如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病，这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白（父母都有这种血红蛋白）的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症，也不会患疟疾，该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此，我们可以这样说，抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来，同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥，只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时，才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。

Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an indivial when present as a single create disease when present as a double . His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might.

Cochran博士认为，德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况，他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力，一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然，该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力，因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力，但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。

The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to althood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.

鞘脂储存类疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病，都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然，这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是，也有可能，仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接，或许因此导致智力提高。实际上，在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中，在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中，确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录，患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。

Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price.

为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力，现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然，陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育，但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过，该理论也有令人信服的地方：它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为，这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受，假如确实如此的话，它将有力地证明，德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验，而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是，如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样，它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。

‘柒’ 求助：如何订阅 ECONOMICS 经济学家杂志啊

1.如何订阅经济学人文章？

可以订阅经济学人商论APP，付费之后可以学习里面的双语文章，一年500元。
也可以看一些平台的学习笔记更新，比如高斋外刊双语精读，定期也可以经济学人原文和笔记。比如这种：
经济学人18年2月期
No ordinary Zhou
非凡人物周小川
China’s formative central banker is about to retire, but his influence will live on.
为中国央行奠基立业的行长即将退休，但他的影响将一直持续
原文：WHEN Zhou Xiaochuan took the helm of China’s central bank 15 years ago, the world was very different. China had just joined the World Trade Organisation and its economy was still smaller than Britain’s. Foreign investors paid little heed to the new governor of the People’s Bank of China. He seemed safe to ignore: another black-haired, bespectacled official whose talk was littered with socialist bromides.
官方译文：周小川15年前执掌中国央行时，世界与现今迥然不同。当时中国刚刚加入世贸组织，经济总量仍低于英国。外国投资者没把中国人民银行的这位新行长当回事。看起来，忽视他也没什么风险：这不过是又一位黑头发、戴眼镜的官员，一张嘴便是社会主义惯用的陈词滥调。
第一句：WHEN Zhou Xiaochuan took the helm of China’s central bank 15 years ago, the world was very different.
周小川15年前执掌中国央行时，世界与现今迥然不同。
一、《经济学人》中是如何介绍人物的？
the world was very different：
《经济学人》在介绍人物时，前半句一般是“介绍人物+所做重要事件+时间”，后半句用“the world was very different”、“the world was a different place”等类似表达。在平常的英语写作中，可以借鉴类似表达，提升语言张力。比如在介绍马斯克的时候这样说：
WHEN Elon Musk started Tesla in 2003 the world was a different place.
伊隆马斯克2003年创办特斯拉时，世界与现在大不同。
二、“执掌...”英语怎么说？
take the helm of：比如金融时报这样说：
Guo Shuqing, who took the helm of the CSRC in late October, said in a first public address this month that he wanted to clean up markets.
10月末开始执掌中国证监会的郭树清，本月在第一次公开讲话中表示，他要清理市场。
第二句：China had just joined the World Trade Organisation and its economy was still smaller than Britain’s.
当时中国刚刚加入世贸组织，经济总量仍低于英国。
一、“经济总量”怎么说？
在经济学人中，表达“经济总量时”，往往直接使用“economy”即可，而不使用“the amount of economy”、“economy aggregate”等。
二、过去完成时的结构以及用法
过去完成时表示过去某一时间之前完成的动作或发生的情况，句子谓语形式由had+动词的过去分词构成，通常表述为“过去的过去”。也可以跟有一定的时间状语，如by, before等介词或连词。
“had just joined”：文章中第一句第二句所表达的思想为“周小川15年前执掌中国央行时，当时中国刚刚加入世贸组织......”。第一句中所使用的时态为一般过去时，表示过去发生的动作。
从第二句“当时中国刚刚加入”这一动词我们可以判断出“加入世贸组织”是先于“周小川15年前执掌中国央行”的时间，因此本句中的时态应为“过去的过去”，因此采用了过去完成时这一语法结构。
三、“所有格所修饰的名词”在什么情况下可以省略？
its economy was still smaller than Britain’s（economy):
所有格修饰的名词有时可以省略，这主要见于以下情形:
(1) 、承前省略：即根据前文语境省略后文中所含的不言而喻的名词。
Lily’s book is more interesting than Lucy’s (book).
莉莉的书比露西的书更有趣。
(2) 、习惯性省略：当所有格所修饰的名词表示教堂、商店、诊所、某人家、某人办公室等时，所有格后的名词有时可以省略。如：
I've got an appointment at the dentist's（dental clinic）at 11:15.
我已预约11时15分到牙医诊所看病。
第三句：Foreign investors paid little heed to the new governor of the People’s Bank of China.
外国投资者没把中国人民银行的这位新行长当回事。
一、“没当回事”怎么说？
pay little heed to: 比如金融时报这样说：
For its first eight years in India, M& S, the mainstay of the British high street, paid little heed to this.
在印度的头8年，作为英国大众消费市场支柱的玛莎百货几乎没有留意这一点。
二、“行长”怎么说？
Mervyn King, governor of the Bank of England, recently called for a "public and informed debate" on the issue.
英国央行行长默文-金（MervynKing）近日呼吁就此问题展开“开诚布公的讨论”.
取自经济学人18.2.1的文章：
No ordinary Zhou非凡人物周小川
第四句：He seemed safe to ignore: another black-haired, bespectacled official whose talk was littered with socialist bromides.
看起来，忽视他也没什么风险：这不过是又一位黑头发、戴眼镜的官员，一张嘴便是社会主义惯用的陈词滥调。
一、“s+v+adj.+to do”结构中，如何用 “不定式的主动形式表示被动含义”？
seemed safe to ignore：忽视他也没什么风险
其中需要满足两种条件：（1）表语是性质形容词；（2）主语是to do 的逻辑宾语。
拓展：The book is interesting to read. 这本书读起来很有趣。
二、“：”的解释说明作用
在本句中，“：”前后是两个独立的句子，“：”前的句子表达了作者的情感态度，即周小川很容易受到忽略。而在“；”的后面进一步对于周小川的形象做出了描写，具体解释说明其容易受到忽视的理由。
三、“，”在并列句中表示强调
在英语句子中，通常用and连接两个并列成分，在此句中“black-haired”,和“bespectacled”之间用 “,”代替了“and”，起到了一种强调的作用。
四、“官员”怎么说？
"Our general objective is going to be what is good for the system, " the seniorofficial said. "We want the system to have enough capital. "
“我们的大目标将是什么对整个系统有利，”这位高层官员表示。“我们希望整个系统有充足的资本金。”
五、“充斥”、“比比皆是”怎么说”？
be littered with:比如金融时报这样说：
Furthermore, luxury remains an unpredictable instry at the best of times, littered with monster egos and family feuds.
此外，即使在形势最好的时候，奢侈品也是个难以预测的行业，充斥着极度膨胀的自我意识和家族纷争。
History is littered with conflicts that, in retrospect, look inexplicable but at the time seemed unavoidable.
各种看上去无法解释，但当时似乎不可避免的冲突，在历史上比比皆是。
六、“陈词滥调”怎么说？
比如金融时报这样说：
What replaces it, apart from feel-good bromides and political stitch-ups?
那么，在泡沫破裂后，除了聊以自慰的陈词滥调以及政治撮合，取而代之的是什么呢？
七、“whose”引导的定语从句
whose 是定语从句中一个常用的关系代词， 它是关系代词who的所有格，在从句中作定语，也就是说当先行词与从句中某个名词有所属关系，表达“……的”意思时，用关系代词whose 引导定语从句，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物，既可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
比如金融时报这样说：
In the court next to me was a man whose business collapsed not long ago, after it had borrowed billions of pounds.
隔壁球场有一位男士在打球，前不久他的企业由于数十亿英镑的贷款刚刚倒闭。
It would only shift the surplus to the commodity exporters, whose propensity to consume out of additional export revenues may be very low.
这将只是把盈余转移给大宗商品出口国，而这些国家将额外出口收入用于消费的倾向可能非常低。

‘捌’ 经济学人赏析-- 苹果之不幸，人类之大幸（前三段）

智能手机产业的成熟值得庆祝🎉 （虽然对苹果的股东来说是坏消息，但是对我们全人类来说却是好消息）

cause： 题目中就出现了我们每日一词cause，作为“理由”的含义，非常实用。上期《经济学人》的special report中一篇关于儿童上网的文章中也出现过：Daniel looked at all the evidence he could find, and found less  cause  for alarm than is often suggested. （原文太长，改写了一下）

1⃣️ 2⃣️  句说，苹果公司的股价几个月来一直在下跌。因为iPhone销量意外减缓，苹果公司减少了2018年最后一个季度的预估收入，整个市场跟着出现震荡。消息一出，股价再跌10%。3⃣️ 4⃣️ 句说，苹果公司供货商股价遭到了冲击，比如三星。

（二）词句精读

1⃣️  WHEN APPLE cut its revenue estimate for the last quarter of 2018 because of unexpectedly slow sales of iPhones, markets   convulsed . 

👉   convulse 基本含义是“痉挛抽筋，震动”，或是“因为笑或生气等而全身抖动”，现在网上流行的那句“🐯 虎躯一震”就可以用这个词：I'm convulsed with amazement. 这里用于跟markets市场搭配，可以说是非常形象了，市场受到冲击而震动。《经济学人》的一篇关于“美联储宣布停止债券购买计划” 的文章中也出现过这个用法：When the Fed first hinted that this day was coming in the summer of 2013, the investor s panicked and the market convulsed . 可以记住这个搭配。

2⃣️   The company’s share price, which had been  sliding  for months,  fell  by a further 10% on January 3rd, the day after the news came out. 

👉  slide&fall 两个表示下滑的词，在同一句话中出现，体现了英语行文中多用不同的词表达同个意思，避免重复的特点。第二段第一句出现的decline，可以放在一起记。

 3⃣️   Apple’s suppliers’ shares were also hit . 

👉   hit 基本含义是“打”，这里是“打击，产生不良影响”之义。Rural areas have been worst hit by the strike. 第一句里面的markets convulsed可以改写成markets were badly hit。

4⃣️   This week Samsung, the world’s largest maker of smartphones by volume , which also sells components to other smartphone-makers, said its sales were weaker than expected for the quarter, too.

👉  volume 有很多意思，“音量；体积；卷/册”，这里是指sales volume “销售额”。

值得注意的是，volume前面用的介词by，意思是“从...看”的意思，“从销售额来看，三星是世界上最大的智能手机制造商”。I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened. 我从她的脸色就能看出有可怕的事情发生了。

拓展一个跟volume相关的表达： speak volumes （about/for sth/sb) "充分说明，清楚表明"， 之前读“ A Street Cat Named Bob ”遇到的：The look she gave him spoke volumes. 比如你求朋友帮忙，人家没有马上答应你而是犹豫了一下，你就可以说 “Well, that pause  speaks volumes .”

👉   weak 基本含义是“虚弱无力” ，但是经常被用在经济相关的话题中，表示“疲软的，萧条的”。这里是用来形容sales销售量的，下次想说销量低的时候，不要只想到low啦，还可以想到weak哦！Export sales were weak at that time.

本段为过度段，点题并引起下文。1⃣️ 句说分析人士认为2018年卖出的智能手机数量会首次出现比上年减少的情况。2⃣️ 3⃣️ 4⃣️ 这对那些投资者来说是坏消息，但是观大局，对全人类来说却是好消息。

2⃣️  All this is terrible news for investors who had banked on continued growth. 

👉  bank on sb/sth 表示指望，依靠 。比如“请放心”，我们就可以说You can bank on it.  “别指望”就是“Don't bank on it.” 

 4⃣️  That smartphone sales have peaked , and seem to be levelling off at around 1.4bn units a year, is good news for humanity.

👉  peak 名词是高峰的意思，这里是动词“达到最高峰”之义，“手机的销量到了峰值”。再看个例句：Interestingly, traditional SMS text traffic actually  peaked  in 2011! 有趣的是，传统简讯服务在2011年达到高峰！

👉 level 我们比较熟悉的也是名词，在这里是个动词， level off/out ，是“ 保持...水平”的意思 ，“手机销量达不再上升，保持在每年14亿左右”。这里需要注意，后面的小介词，用的是at，比如：Inflation is finally levelling out at around 11% a month. 通货膨胀率最终稳定在每月11%左右。也可以不提具体稳定在一个什么样的水平。比如：The figures show evidence that murders in the nation's capital are beginning to level off. 数据表明，该国首都谋杀案件的数量开始保持在稳定的水平。(根据上下文可以翻译成，不再上升，或者不再下降)。

本句是一个由that引导的主语从句，“手机销量达不再上升，保持在每年14亿左右” 这件事，对我们人类来说是个好消息。

1⃣️ 2⃣️ 句说，智能手机是史上最成功的消费产品。3⃣️ 4⃣️ 句说了原因，因为智能手机让人们能获取网上大量的信息和服务，让市场更高效，为发展中国家弥补落后的基础设施，促进发展。5⃣️ 6⃣️ 7⃣️ 句说使用手机确实会导致浪费时间和散布虚假信息，但是手机的好处是远远超过坏处的，而且可能是最有效的发展工具。

1⃣️  People have voted with their wallets to make the smartphone the most successful consumer proct in history: nearly 4bn of the 5.5bn alts on the planet now have one.   2⃣️  And no wonder. 

👉  voted with their wallets 哈哈，我看到这句的时候都笑了，写的真好，“用钱包投票”，可不是吗，我们都花大票子买的手机。以后要说哪个商品受欢迎，或是说哪个地方是旅游胜地等，我们也可以用到这个，比如：Girls have voted with their wallet to make lipstick the most popular cosmetic proct. 

👉  And no wonder.   全世界55亿人，差不多40亿人都拥有智能手机，智能手机多受欢迎程度不言而喻。所以第二句就说了And no wonder. 我以前见到的，都是后面还接个从句的，比如： No wonder  you're on your own, lad. 怪不得你还单身，小伙子。今天见到了单独也可以的用法，以后也可以用上啦！

3⃣️  They connect billions of people to the internet’s plethora of information and services. 

👉   plethora 对我来说是个生词，“ 过剩、过量 ”的意思，plethora of information and service，可以记住这个搭配，下次想用large amount of的时候，可以试着用plethora这个词替换，很高级的样子哈哈。

4⃣️  Phones make markets more efficient, compensate for poor infrastructure in developing countries and boost growth.

👉  make compensate boost 三个动词，把手机的好处简洁地说了出来。

5⃣️  Yes, they can be used for wasting time and spreading disinformation. 6⃣️  But the good far outweighs the bad. 

👉  disinformation ，information我们都熟，是“信息”的意思，而disinformation就是们平时经常碰到的“虚假信息，假消息”啦！散布虚假信息“ spread disinformation ”。

👉  outweigh 之前的每日一词里学到过outlive“比...活得更长”的意思，引申含义，在...结束/消失后，继续存在：The machine had  outlived its usefulness (= was no longer useful ). outweigh也是out前缀，“重于”，我们原文中这句，可以改写成：The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

类似的词还有，outplay“战胜，击败”；outpace“比...快”；outperform“胜过”；outwit“智力上胜过”；outgrow"长得穿不下；比...长得高；年增志移" 如：He's outgrown his passion for rock music. She's outgrown her obsession with fancy appearance.

这两句的句式可以提炼一下。Yes...But... 看似挺简单的结构，但是我们却不一定想到会用。试着造个句子： Yes , getting up early to participate the morning reading was kind of hard for me. But the gain far outweigh the pain. (gain和pain的押韵，是得于下一段“ButApple’s pain is humanity’s gain.”这句的灵感。)

‘玖’ 请教一下，一般情况，考研英语考试的一些文章都是从哪里截取的呢

般是节选一些英文原版杂志或是报刊的，比如说
Times，The Guardian，The New York Times ，
News Week ，The Wall Street Journal，The economist 你是在准备考研还是刚刚要上大三，我建议你如果是刚要上大三的话，可以买考研阅读150题做做，弄懂弄会每一篇，这也是为你明年做准备。这样针对性比较强。如果你是个人爱好的话，还是可以看看这些题源的，但效果不会很明显的，因为文章被引用的同事，已经做了很大的改动，尤其是语法，把很多简单句改成了复杂。所以单纯考试而言，效果不好，望采纳

‘拾’ 经济学人精读|海龟误食塑料，原来不是因为长得像食物

本文节选自《经济学人》2020.3.14期Science & technology版块的一篇文章《Why turtles eat plastic》，介绍了海龟为什么会吃塑料袋的新研究

本文总共6段，建议大家先自主阅读原文，再学习精读笔记。

文末会总结此次学习写作可以使用的词句，读者也可自己总结。 会定期将内容进行总结，做成word分享，希望大家也能坚持学习

1

Turtles  have an unfortunate habit of devouring  plastic objects floating in the sea. These then get snared in their alimentary canals , cannot  be broken down  by the animals’ digestive enzymes and may  ultimately  kill them.  It is widely assumed that  this  penchant for  plastics  is   a matter of mistaken identity . Drifting plastic bags, for instance, look similar to  jellyfish , which many types of turtles love to eat. Yet lots of plastic objects that  end up inside turtles   have no resemblance to jellyfish . Joseph Pfaller of the University of Florida therefore suspects that something more complicated is going on. As he writes in Current Biology, he thinks that the  odor of marine microorganisms which  colonize  floating plastic objects  inces turtles to feed .

have an unfortunate habit of ： 有一个不幸的习惯

devour ： to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry 【词汇积累】

get snared in their alimentary canals ： 残留在消化系统中，可以记住be snared in这个词组。snare意为伴住，缠住，be snared in意为被缠住，alimentary canals表示消化系统 【词组积累】

be broken down ： 被分解，A be broken down into sth，A被分解成……，文中指的是塑料物在消化系统中无法被分解 【词组积累】

ultimately ： 最终

It is widely assumed that  ……： 人们普遍认为，assume释义为认为，to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it 【句式】

penchant for ： 喜好某事 【词汇积累】

sth is   a matter of mistaken identity ： a matter of表示“……的问题”，mistaken identity认错身份，弄错身份。文中是指海龟喜欢吃塑料是认错 【词汇积累】

jellyfish ： 水母

end up inside turtles ： 最终落在海龟肚中

have no resemblance to jellyfish ： 和水母不像，have no resemblance to sth与某物不相像，look similar to sth则表示与某物相似。 【词组积累】

odor ： 气味

colonize ： ~ sth（在某一地区）聚居，大批生长to live or grow in large numbers in a particular area。Colonize 后面的名词可表示地点。 【词汇积累】

inces turtles to feed ： ince sb to do sth诱使某人做某事，这里和下一段中的 lure sb to do sth 是相似的意思， lure animals to their doom 引诱动物步入死亡，doom表示厄运，毁灭和死亡 【词组积累】

海龟有吞食漂浮在海上的塑料物的不幸习惯。这些塑料物残留在消化系统中，无法被消化酶分解，最终可能会杀死他们。人们普遍认为这种对塑料的喜爱是因为把塑料认错了的原因。例如，漂浮的塑料袋和水母看上去很像，而很多海龟都喜欢吃水母。然而，很多最终被吞食到海龟肚中的塑料物和水母并不相像。因此Joseph Pfaller怀疑这之中还有更复杂的原因。在当代生物学中，他写道海洋微生物在漂浮的塑料物处繁殖，其气味吸引海龟来食用。

2

The idea  that the smell of  plastic flotsam  might  lure animals to their doom   first emerged in 2016 . Researchers at the University of California, Davis, noticed that  certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide , which are released into the air by  micro-organism-colonized plastics , are those which many seabirds  sniff to track down food . These chemicals  mark good places to hunt  because they indicate  an abundance of  the  algae and bacteria  that lie at the bottom of marine food chains. The researchers also found that birds which  pursue their food  in this way are five or six times more likely to eat plastic than those which do not.

The idea first emerged in 2016 ： 某个想法第一次出现于…… 【句式】

plastic flotsam ： 塑料漂浮物，flotsam表示漂浮物，这里这个词组代替了上文中的plastic objects floating in the sea 【词汇积累】

certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide ： 特定的化学物质，尤其是二甲硫化物，这里notably与especially意义相近 【同意替换】

micro-organism-colonized plastics ： 布满微生物的塑料物

sniff to track down food ： track down food追踪食物，sniff表示闻，即通过闻气味的方式追踪食物，下文中还有 pursue their food ， 同样表示追踪食物 【同意替换】

mark good places to hunt ： 标志了优良的捕猎场所，mark，标记，信号笔也是mark

an abundance of ……： 丰富的…… 【词组积累】

algae and bacteria ： algae and bacteria ： 藻类和细菌

塑料的味道可能会引诱动物步入死亡，这个想法初次出现于2016年，研究者们发现某些特定的化学物质，尤其是二甲硫化物，这种由布满微生物的塑料释放到空气中的物质，很多海鸟通过闻它来追踪食物。这些物质标志了优良的捕猎场所，因为他们表明那里存在着丰富的藻类和细菌，是海洋食物链的底层。研究者们也发现以这种方式追踪食物的鸟类误食塑料的机率是其他鸟类的5到6倍。

3

Since turtles  are known to break the surface periodically   and sniff the air  when navigating towards their feeding areas, Dr Pfaller  theorized that  they are following these same chemicals, and  are  likewise  fooled into thinking  that floating plastic objects are  edible .

are known to break the surface periodically and sniff the air ： break the surface表示露出水面，通常是break the surface of water，are known to表示某件事为人所知 【词组积累】

theorize that ： theorize是theory的动词形式，表示形成理论，建立理论 【词汇积累】

are fooled into thinking ： be fooled into doing意为被骗做某事，误以为……做某事 【词组积累】

edible ： 可食用的

因为海龟在前往捕食场所时会露出水面呼吸空气，Pfaller认为它们也以这种同样的物质作为导航指向，并有可能被误导，认为漂浮塑料是可食用的。

4

To test that idea, he and his colleagues  set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles , a species frequently killed by plastic. They arranged for 15 of the animals, each around five months old, to be exposed, in random order, to four odours delivered through a pipe to the air above an experimental arena . The odors were: the vapor from  deionized water ; the smell of  turtle-feeding pellets  made of shrimp and fish meal; the smell of a clean plastic bottle  chopped up into ten pieces ; and the smell of a similarly chopped bottle that had been kept in the ocean for five weeks to allow algae and bacteria to grow on it.

set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles ：建立了一个以蠵龟为对象的实验，这里involving是which involves，以简洁的方式说明实验对象为蠵龟 【句式】

experimental arena ： 实验平台

deionized water ： 去离子水

turtle-feeding pellets ： 海龟饲料球

chopped up into ten pieces ： 切成十个碎片，chop up意为切断 【词组积累】

为了验证这个想法，他和同事们建立了一个实验，使用蠵龟作为实验对象，这是一种经常被塑料杀死的种类。他们安排了15只，每只的年龄都在5个月左右，他们以随机次序暴露于4种气味，通过管道传送至实验平台。这些气味是：去离子水蒸气味，由虾和鱼肉制成的海龟饲料球的气味，切成10片的干净的塑料瓶的气味，以及被放在海里5周，拥有海藻和细菌生成于上的相同的塑料碎片的气味。

5

Two of the smells  proved far more attractive to  the animals than the others. When sniffing both the odor of food pellets and that of five-week-old bottles turtles kept their nostrils out of the water more than three times as long, and took twice as many breaths as they did when what was on offer was the smell of fresh bottle-plastic or deionized-water vapor.  On the face of it , then, the turtles were responding to the smell of old bottles as if it were the smell of food.

A proved far more attractive to B ： A的气味对B更具吸引力

On the face of it ： 从表面上看起来，乍一看起来。表示初步判断，没有经过更细致的检测 【词组积累】

两种气味比其他两种更具吸引力，当闻到食物球气味和放置于海里5周的塑料瓶碎片的气味时，海龟探出鼻子呼吸的时间长度是原来的3倍，呼吸次数是其他两种气味的两种。初步看起来，海龟对于放置于海中较久时间的塑料瓶，会把它们当做食物的味道。

6

Though they have not yet tested whether dimethyl sulphide is the culprit, Dr Pfaller and his colleagues think  it is the most likely candidate.  In an unpolluted ocean,  pretty well  anything which had this smell would be edible—or, at least, harmless. Unfortunately, five-week-old plastic bottles  and their like  are not.

it is the most likely candidate. ： 这是最有可能的犯罪兇手，candidate是候选人，最理想的对象，这里指的是最理想的culprit 【词汇积累】

pretty well ： 差不多，几乎 【词汇积累】

A and their like ： their like指的是A这种物质的同类物质 【词汇积累】

尽管它们没有检测二甲硫化物是不是罪魁祸首，但Pfaller和他的同事们认为它是最有可能的元兇。在一片未受污染的海域，几乎任何拥有这种气味的东西都是可食用的，或者，至少是无害的。不幸的是，5周时间的塑料瓶，以及同类的物质并非无害。

总结

devour ： to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry 【词汇积累】

penchant for ： 喜好某事 【词汇积累】

sth is   a matter of mistaken identity ： a matter of表示“……的问题”，mistaken identity认错身份，弄错身份。文中是指海龟喜欢吃塑料是认错 【词汇积累】

colonize ： ~ sth（在某一地区）聚居，大批生长to live or grow in large numbers in a particular area。Colonize 后面的名词可表示地点。 【词汇积累】

plastic flotsam ： 塑料漂浮物，flotsam表示漂浮物，这里这个词组代替了上

文中的plastic objects floating in the sea 【词汇积累】

theorize that ： theorize是theory的动词形式，表示形成理论，建立理论 【词汇积累】

it is the most likely candidate. ： 这是最有可能的犯罪兇手，candidate是候选

人，最理想的对象，这里指的是最理想的culprit 【词汇积累】

pretty well ： 差不多，几乎 【词汇积累】

A and their like ： their like指的是A这种物质的同类物质 【词汇积累】

get snared in their alimentary canals ： 残留在消化系统中，可以记住be snared in这个词组。snare意为伴住，缠住，be snared in意为被缠住，alimentary canals表示消化系统 【词组积累】

be broken down ： 被分解，A be broken down into sth，A被分解成……，文中指的是塑料物在消化系统中无法被分解 【词组积累】

have no resemblance to jellyfish ： 和水母不像，have no resemblance to sth与某物不相像，look similar to sth则表示与某物相似。 【词组积累】

inces turtles to feed ： ince sb to do sth诱使某人做某事，这里和下一段中的 lure sb to do sth 是相似的意思， lure animals to their doom 引诱动物步入死亡，doom表示厄运，毁灭和死亡 【词组积累】

an abundance of ……： 丰富的…… 【词组积累】

are known to break the surface periodically and sniff the air ： break the surface表示露出水面，通常是break the surface of water，are known to表示某件事为人所知 【词组积累】

are fooled into thinking ： be fooled into doing意为被骗做某事，误以为……做某事 【词组积累】

chopped up into ten pieces ： 切成十个碎片，chop up意为切断 【词组积累】

On the face of it ： 从表面上看起来，乍一看起来。表示初步判断，没有经过更细致的检测 【词组积累】

It is widely assumed that  ……： 人们普遍认为，assume释义为认为，to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it 【句式】

The idea first emerged in 2016 ： 某个想法第一次出现于…… 【句式】

set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles ：建立了一个以蠵龟为对象的实验，这里involving是which involves，以简洁的方式说明实验对象为蠵龟 【句式】

certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide ： 特定的化学物质，尤其是二甲硫化物，这里notably与especially意义相近 【同意替换】

sniff to track down food ： track down food追踪食物，sniff表示闻，即通过闻气味的方式追踪食物，下文中还有 pursue their food ， 同样表示追踪食物 【同意替换】